Porphyrobacter sp.D22F的降解特性及其在石油降解菌群中的生态位

为揭示多环芳烃(Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)降解微生物资源的多样性和石油降解菌群的优势菌,研究了从南海沉积物中分离得到的一株PAHs降解菌D22F的降解特性及其在石油降解菌群D22-1中的生态位.对菌株D22F进行16S rRNA基因同源性分析及透射电镜观察以初步确定其种属,通过培养法、气相色谱质谱联用(GC-MS)测定其多环芳烃降解范围和降解率,通过简并引物PCR扩增其PAHs双加氧酶大亚基基因片段并进行系统发育分析,采用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)监测石油降解菌群中的优势菌.结果表明,与菌株D22F的16S rRNA基因相似度最高的模式株为产卟啉杆菌属Porphyrobacter tepidarius DSM 10594T(AF465839;98.55%).该菌株能降解萘、甲基萘、苊、硫芴、菲、蒽等;对初始浓度为0.2 g/L菲10 d后的降解率可达90%以上.从其基因组DNA中克隆到的PAHs起始双加氧酶大亚基基因phnAc与Novosphingobium aromaticivorans DSM 12444中的质粒pNL1(CP000676)上的bphA1f基因相似度最高,达到99.41%.DGGE谱图显示,菌株D22F是石油降解菌群中的3种优势菌之一,在传代菌群中可稳定存在.Porphyrobacter sp.D22F为产卟啉杆菌属(Porphyrobacter)中首株以低分子量PAHs为唯一碳源和能源的菌株,是石油降解菌群的优势菌.     

Strengthening effects of ammonia nitrogen on the harmless biological treatment of oily sludge

To improve the efficiency of oil degradation and strengthen the harmless treatment of oily sludge, three dominant strains identified as Chryseomicrobium sp. YL2, Gordonia sp. YL3 and Acinetobacter sp. YL5 were isolated from soil near a refinery, and the effects on the bioremediation of the oily sludge from the refinery were investigated. The results showed that the efficiency of oil degradation increased by 31.5% compared with the control when the dominant strains were added to the treatment of oily sludge. Furthermore, the dominant strains could use oil as a carbon source for heterotrophic nitrification–aerobic denitrification. The addition of ammonia nitrogen resulted in a large number of remaining microbes and heightened dehydrogenase activity in the oily sludge, further accelerating oil degradation, mainly for C₁₁ to C₂₅ saturated hydrocarbons, and the oil degradation efficiency increased by 40.8%. After 120 days of bioremediation, the biotoxicity of oily sludge, which was expressed by the equivalent phenol concentration, decreased by 40.0% compared with that of the control, indicating that the addition of ammonia nitrogen enhanced the biodegradation of oil. This method can be used to strengthen the harmless treatment of oily sludge in practical engineering applications.     

某铀矿九种优势草本植物铀的测定

研究探讨通过植物吸收来修复铀污染的可能性.首先采用"无样地取样法"对南方某铀矿植物群落进行调研,再用"5Br-PADAP显色目视比色法"研究并测定了从中筛选到的芒、狗尾草、鬼针草、野棉花、辣蓼、律草、商陆、凤尾蕨和鸭跖草九种优势草本植物铀含量的差异.结果表明,测得的样品土壤中铀含量在120 μg/g左右,而芒草、鸭跖草...     

荒漠河岸生态系统退化机理的定量分析

通过野外监测资料,采用聚类分析与主成分分析法,分析了荒漠河岸生态系统退化的内外因素与驱动力、植被退化的环境主导因子与生态退化程度,结果表明：（1）地质、地貌与气候条件等因素的影响,塔里木河下游生态系统存在脆弱和不稳定性是其退化的内因,外界干扰则是其退化的外在因素。人为干扰则是其退化发生的驱动力,起因于人口的增加、需求的增长。（2）在此过程中导致植被受损的环境主导因子是水,植被退化是人类干扰作用于植被赖以生存的环境主导因子所致。（3）其不同河段的生态退化可以归为三类：潜在沙漠化类（轻度退化）,轻度沙漠化类（中度退化）,中度或重度沙漠化类（重度退化）,其中第三类型,土壤条件与其它两类差异较大,表现出土壤退化的滞后现象。     

优势菌群在复合生态床修复景观水体中的强化能力研究

以沸石和煤渣为主要基质构建复合生态床修复景观水体,并筛选驯化优势菌群对修复进行生物强化,以原始土著生物群强化和无生物强化为对比.结果表明,随停留时间延长,土著生物强化与优势菌群强化对NH⁺₄-N、 TN和TP的去除率增加.自然基质系统对NH⁺₄-N去除率最高,其次是优势菌群强化系统;优势菌群对TN的去除率最高,且随停留时间延长有明显提高;原始土著生物强化系统对TP去除率最高.NO^-₂-N延程浓度在自然基质系统中始终最低,优势菌群强化过程中低于土著生物;优势菌群强化延程TN浓度一直减小;原始土著生物强化延程对TP的去除始终强于优势菌群,强于自然基质.优势菌群中大量氨氧化菌和亚硝酸氧化菌的存在,使基质中硝化作用进行迅速而且彻底,减少了中间产物的积累,促进了不同形态氮的生物去除.优势菌群长时间在系统内保持较高活性,强化对含氮污染物的硝化去除.聚磷菌提高系统对P的去除,多种生物群的协同作用使系统除磷能力进一步增强.     

长江源区生态功能区划与生态系统管理

生态功能区划是近年来我国着力建设的一个新的关于资源与环境管理的框架。首先简要讨论了生态功能区划的性质,指出生态功能区划是基于生态系统的地理框架。与生态区比较,生态功能区强调人文活动对生态系统提供产品和服务能力的影响,并反映人类的价值判断。生态功能区划的最终目的是以生态系统的等级结构和尺度原则为基础,在不同尺度水平上实施“基于生态系统的管理”。以长江源区为例,进行了生态功能区划的实证分析。其基本认识是,按照生态系统的自然边界划分生态系统单元;进行生态系统描述和评价;在确定主导生态功能的基础上划分不同的生态功能区。最后讨论了按照生态系统原理对长江源生态功能分区进行管理和建设。     

Element cycling in the dominant plant community in the Alpine tundra zone of Changbai Mountains, China

Element cycling in the dominant plant communities including Rh. aureum, Rh. redowskianum and Vaccinium uliginosum in the Alpine tundra zone of Changbai Mountains in northeast China was studied. The results indicate that the amount of elements from litter decomposition was less than that of the plant uptake from soil, but that from plant uptake was higher than that in soil with mineralization process released. On the other hand, in the open system including precipitation input and soil leaching output, because of great number of elements from precipitation into the open system, the element cycling(except N, P) in the Alpine tundra ecosystem was in a dynamic balance. In this study, it was also found that different organ of plants had significant difference in accumulating elements. Ca, Mg, P and N were accumulated more obviously in leaves, while Fe was in roots. The degree of concentration of elements in different tissues of the same organ of the plants also was different, a higher concentration of Ca, Mg, P and N in mesophyll than in nerve but Fe was in a reversed order. The phenomenon indicates ( 1 ) a variety of biochemical functions of different elements, (2) the elements in mesophyll were with a shorter turnover period than those in nerve or fibre, but higher utilization rate for plant. Therefore, this study implies the significance of keeping element dynamic balance in the alpine tundra ecosystem of Changbai Mountains.     

三峡库区优势藻类聚集参数与水华状态函数

在三峡库区最大次级河流嘉陵江现场采集水样,并进行藻类生长试验,探讨了藻类在氮磷比、光照强度和流速条件下的聚集行为.在不同TN/TP和光照强度的静水表层中主要藻类为蓝、绿藻.优势种为蓝藻门的水华微囊藻,总体上蓝藻的聚集参数θ大于绿藻;在流速大于0.03m·s-1的动态水体中蓝绿藻聚集参数迅速下降,优势藻类不再明显.对水质的生态学评价结果表明,水华微囊藻聚集参数θ与生物多样性指数d拟合的可决系数R2在0.81以上,反映出优势藻聚集能力与水体环境质量的反比关系.作为水质污染和营养水平评价依据的指数d不能直接表征水华污染状态,因此.在参数θ的基础上构建了描述水华污染状态的函数G,将函数G应用于对实验结果和实际流域水华污染的评价,结果表明,水华状态函数G确实能有效和半定量刻划水华污染程度.     

高盐度采油废水优势降解菌的分离筛选研究

通过对取自不同地方的污泥筛选研究试验,筛出了四株降解石油能力较高的菌株,其中菌株A11去油率达到83.5%,A1去油率为77.5%,A13的去油率为57.8%,A60的去油率为53.4%。同时通过粗筛、复筛、驯化和第二次复筛,筛出四株降解COD的优势菌株,其中A45的COD降解率为40.8%,TA2的COD降解率为35.1%,A41的COD降解率为32.8%,XA3的COD降解率为30.6%。其最佳COD降解时间为48h。     

阿维菌素的微生物降解及其机理研究

从污染土壤中分离到一株高效降解阿维菌素的菌株,初步研究了其降解特性和机理。结果表明:在一定范围内,当底物浓度增加时,降解速率常数相应加快,但高浓度对降解速率有一定抑制作用;而随着接种量增加,降解速率逐渐加快;通过分析TIC图和质谱图,可能主要有两种代谢产物,进而推测了其降解机理。