臭氧及臭氧层破坏带来的灾害与防灾对策

大气中臭氧衰竭及臭氧层的破环,已引起全世界多种学科和各国政府的关注。本文引用大量资料,就臭氧的生成、性质和臭氧层遭受破坏的情况、原因、后果以及为保护臭氧层而采取的对策、措施,作了扼要的阐述,期望对了解世界灾情和开展研究工作有所借鉴。     

自然灾害综合预报和年度会商

本文从系统论的观点和高度上分析了自然灾害综合预报的必要性和重要意义，同时结合陕西省近几年开展年度综合会商的实际和体会，就自然灾害综合预报和年度会商的具体内容、形式和方法等建设问题进行了讨论，最后提出了今后进一步改进会商质量、提高预报水平的建议。     

E-waste assessment methodology and validation in India

An attempt has been made to establish an approach and a methodology to quantify electronic waste (e-waste) in India. The study was limited to personal computers (PCs) and televisions (TVs) within the state boundaries of Delhi and in selected areas in the National Capital Region (NCR). Material flow analysis was used to establish an e-waste trade value chain, where cathode ray tubes (CRTs) were tracked in the e-waste dismantling stream of the CRT regunning process. The market supply method was used to estimate the theoretical amount of e-waste for each item. Sensitivity analysis was carried out for PCs, using 5 years and 7 years as the average life, and for TVs, using 10 years and 12 years as the average life. Externalities such as e-waste entering the study area from outside were factored into the final e-waste analysis. Sensitivity analysis on the average life also factored in elements of active usage, reuse, and storage of electronic items and consumer behavior into assumptions about the obsolescence rate in market supply method. A primary survey indicated an output of 1800–2100 CRTs per day from all regunning units in the study area. This range validated the theoretical output for an average life of 7 years for a PC and 12 years for a TV. Using this approach, e-waste was estimated to reach 2 million units from the domestic market by 2010.     

电化学CO_2浓缩技术进展

以电化学去极化ＣＯ２浓缩技术（ＥＤＣ）的基本原理为基础，综述了ＥＤＣ的技术进展和主要性能指标，结果表明了该技术作为载人航天飞行时座舱空气中ＣＯ２的浓缩和去除方法的可行性．     

“双轨控制法”浅议

“浓度控制法”与“总量控制法”简称“双轨控制法”。“双轨控制法”的提出与实施,成为工业防治指导思想上一次大的进步。现就大气污染防治问题进行探讨。     

Multiscale Plume Transport from the Collapse of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001

The collapse of the world trade center (WTC) produced enhanced levels of airborne contaminants in New York City and nearby areas on September 11, 2001 through December, 2001. This catastrophic event revealed the vulnerability of the urban environment, and the inability of many existing air monitoring systems to operate efficiently in a crisis. The contaminants released circulated within the street canyons, but were also lifted above the urban canopy and transported over large distances, reflecting the fact that pollutant transport affects multiple scales, from single buildings through city blocks to mesoscales. In this study, ground-and space-based observations were combined with numerical weather forecast fields to initialize fine-scale numerical simulations. The effort is aimed at reconstructing pollutant dispersion from the WTC in New York City to surrounding areas, to provide means for eventually evaluating its effect on population and environment. Atmospheric dynamics were calculated with the multi-grid Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS), covering scales from 250 m to 300 km and contaminant transport was studied using the Hybrid Particle and Concentration Transport (HYPACT) model that accepts RAMS meteorological output. The RAMS/HYPACT results were tested against PM2.5 observations from the roofs of public schools in New York City (NYC), Landsat images, and Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) retrievals. Calculations accurately reproduced locations and timing of PM2.5 peak aerosol concentrations, as well as plume directionality. By comparing calculated and observed concentrations, the effective magnitude of the aerosol source was estimated. The simulated pollutant distributions are being used to characterize levels of human exposure and associated environmental health impacts.     

Heavy metals contamination of soils under oak ecosystems in the Sofia region

We studied the contamination of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd in soils under oak ecosystems of urban (U), suburban (SU), and rural (R) regions in Sofia, Bulgaria. The urban sampling sites are located in the large forest parks of Sofia under oak ecosystems, while the others are located between the centre of the town and the surrounding mountains and are also from oak ecosystems. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd in soils were measured for identifying the sources and degree of contamination, and calculating the concentration coefficients (Hc) and enrichment factors (EF). The result of applying principal component analysis (PCA), showed that Cd and Pb accounted for the anthropogenic pollution and could be inferred as its tracers, whereas Cu is located mainly in the parent material. The Zn concentration levels were controlled both by its original content in the parent material as well as by anthropogenic pollution. The results obtained for the city forest parks allow for their successful use for recreation purposes.     

Study on the concentration distribution in a trapezoidal open-channel flow with a side discharge

The number and distribution of pollutant concentration in a trapezoidal open channel flow with a side discharge is calculated and effects of the bank gradient are investigated in this paper. A sigma-coordinate water quality numerical model is used to simulate the process of both water and pollutant transportation in the trapezoidal channel open flow. The diffusion coefficient used in the prediction is determined by two methods including constant coefficient and the depth-averaged k-epsilon turbulence closure model. The change of the concentration with the bank gradient is acquired based on the simulation of cases with different bank gradients. An analytical formula is derived by using the mirror image method and related diffusion theories, ignoring the discharge momentum and the influence of the opposite bank. The formula can predict the number and distribution of pollutant concentration with some acceptable errors. The results demonstrate that the bank gradient has great influence on the concentration distribution which will decrease with the increase of the bank gradient approximately following a hyperbolic law.     

高层建筑、建筑材料与室内氡污染

对高层建筑连续一年的室内氡浓度监测分析，发现室内氡浓度与建筑材料，建筑结构以及人们的生活习惯密切相关。     

城市生活垃圾填埋场产气规律研究

研究城市垃圾填埋气体成分及产气规律。方法通过深圳市玉龙坑垃圾填埋场现场抽气试验理论计算。结果场区内填埋气体含量分别为ＣＨ４６２．２％，Ｏ２１．０％，ＣＯ２３４．７％，其余气体２．１％；