西湖和东苕溪沉积物重金属化学形态分析

不同赋存形态重金属的环境行为和生态效应不同,水体沉积物中重金属的迁移转化及其潜在环境危害更大程度上取决于其赋存形态.本研究在西湖和东苕溪设置12个采样点采集沉积物样品,采用改进BCR分步提取法,提取了重金属污染物的4种化学形态,分别为弱酸提取态、可还原态、可氧化态及残渣态.结果表明:沉积物中Cd以弱酸提取态为主,对外界...     

湘江表层沉积物重金属的赋存形态及其环境影响因子分析

采用BCR三步分级提取法分析了湘江衡阳段与岳阳段表层沉积物中4种重金属（Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn）不同赋存形态的含量,阐述了重金属赋存形态及其环境影响因子的关系,评估了这4种重金属的生物有效性.结果表明,4种元素均以弱酸溶解态、可还原态和可氧化态3种可提取态为主,各元素生物有效性即可提取态含量排序为：Cd〉Pb〉Zn〉C...     

Heavy metal distribution and chemical speciation in tailings and soils around a Pb-Zn mine in Spain

Soil pollution by lead, zinc, cadmium and copper was characterized in the mine tailings and surrounding soils (arable and pasture lands) of an old Spanish Pb-Zn mine. Sixty soil samples were analyzed, determining the total metal concentration by acid digestion and the chemical fractionation of Pb and Zn by the modified BCR sequential extraction method. Samples belonging to mine waste areas showed the highest values, with mean concentrations of 28,453.50 mg kg(-1) for Pb, 7000.44 mg kg(-1) for Zn, 20.57 mg kg(-1) for Cd and 308.48 mg kg(-1) for Cu. High concentrations of Pb, Zn and Cd were found in many of the samples taken from surrounding arable and pasture lands, indicating a certain extent of spreading of heavy metal pollution. Acidic drainage and wind transport of dust were proposed as the main effects causing the dispersion of pollution. Sequential extraction showed that most of the Pb was associated with non-residual fractions, mainly in reducible form, in all the collected samples. Zn appeared mainly associated with the acid-extractable form in mine tailing samples, while the residual form was the predominant one in samples belonging to surrounding areas. Comparison of our results with several criteria reported in the literature for risk assessment in soils polluted by heavy metals showed the need to treat the mine tailings dumped in the mine area.     

典型材料屋面积尘重金属形态分布与风险评估

以华南地区4种典型材料屋面(瓷砖、混凝土、金属和沥青)为研究对象,采用改进式BCR连续提取法对其屋面积尘中10种重金属(Ba、Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Sb、Sr和Zn)进行形态分析与风险评估.结果表明,屋面积尘重金属平均含量明显高于道路积尘.形态分析表明,Zn的酸溶态比例明显高于其他重金属,Pb和Cu主要以可氧化态存在,其余重金属均以残渣态为主;屋面积尘重金属可移动态比例表现为PbZnCuMnCoSrSbNiBaCr,其中Pb、Zn、Cu、Mn和Co可移动态比例均超过50%.环境风险评估发现,污染指数(Cf)与风险评价编码指数(RAC)最大值均为Zn,其生态风险较高.健康风险评估表明,屋面积尘重金属对成人与儿童非致癌风险均表现为:PbCrSbZnMnCuBaNiCoSr,其对成人非致癌风险均小于安全限值,不构成威胁,但Pb对儿童的非致癌风险高于安全限值,形成威胁;屋面积尘中Cr、Co和Ni低于致癌风险阈值,对人体无致癌风险.     

环渤海滨海湿地土壤磷形态特征研究

利用SMT分级方法和液相31P核磁共振分析方法,研究了环渤海典型滨海湿地表层土壤磷形态.结果发现,湿地土壤中总磷在410.35~691.57 mg·kg-1之间,其中以HCl-P为主,占总磷的46.67%~82.95%;较易释放的Na OH-P含量较少,占4.98%~22.31%;同时,由于有机质含量丰富,有机磷含量也较高,在受水产养殖污染的湿地中,有机磷含量明显偏高.使用31P-NMR技术在湿地土壤中共检测到6类磷化合物:正磷酸盐(Ortho-P)、磷酸单酯(Mono-P)、磷脂(Lipid-P)、DNA磷(DNA-P)、焦磷酸盐(Pyro-P)及膦酸盐(Phon-P),其中以正磷酸盐为主,含量在181.69~350.64 mg·kg-1之间;磷酸单酯为有机磷的主要组分,占总量的5.25%~37.17%.渤海湾南部湿地土壤中有机磷含量明显高于北部湿地,以稳定性较高的磷酸单酯为主,同时,DNA磷较多地存在于南部湿地,北部湿地含量极少,说明南部湿地微生物活性较高.     

九龙江流域水稻土重金属赋存形态及污染评价

采用改进的BCR四步提取-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)分析九龙江流域71个水稻土中12种重金属元素的赋存形态特征,运用风险评价编码法(RAC)、次生相与原生相分布比值法(RSP)和地质积累指数法(Igeo)评价重金属污染特征.结果表明,大部分重金属总量已存在不同程度的富集且不同重金属元素在水稻土中的赋存形态特征差异较大.Cd和Mn主要以F1弱酸溶态存在,平均比例分别为46.2%和35.2%;Fe和Pb主要以F2可还原态存在,平均比例分别为64.5%和41.5%;而V、Cr、Ni、As、Co、Sr、Zn和Cu主要以F4残渣态存在,平均比例分别为79.6%、78.4%、73.1%、67.7%、51.9%、49.7%、45.3%和38.4%.3种污染评价方法分别重点关注弱酸溶态、次生相和重金属总量,均有应用价值,缺点是不够全面.结合3种评价方法能更准确全面评估重金属污染特征.九龙江流域水稻土中Cd为中度~重度污染,Mn和Sr为轻度~重度污染,Zn、Pb、Cu和Co为轻度~中度污染,As和Ni为无污染~中度污染,V、Fe和Cr为无污染~轻度污染.