BOD5测定的简捷方法研究

目前国内外普遍规定20±1℃培养5天,分别测定样品培养前后的溶解氧(简称DO),二者之差即为BOD5值.对同一水样,只测出培养前的任一稀释倍数水样的DO值,通过计算便可准确得出其它稀释倍数水样的D0值.通过对不同浓度下BOD5实测值与计算值进行比较,计算出相对误差进行分析,结果都达到了水质监测实验室质量控制指标-准确度允许差.因此,这种计算方法是切实可行.     

矿区生活污水厌氧处理工艺中试研究

通过分析高效厌氧反应器（UASB）处理矿区生活污水的中试，为工业化应用获得了可靠的基础参数。     

不同曝气工艺对佛山水道水质DO和COD的影响

通过现场模拟试验,探讨了雾化管、射流器、橡胶坝和叶轮4种曝气工艺对改善佛山水道水质的影响。结果表明,4种工艺的平均复氧效率(14.3%~36.6%)和对COD的平均去除率(9.6%~24.6%)显示了较大差异。橡胶坝和雾化管曝气工艺的复氧效率较高,而叶轮和射流器曝气工艺则对COD去除有较好效果。在曝气并结合混凝的对照试验中,投加絮凝剂有助于提高水中DO和去除COD。     

Effects of COD/N ratio and DO concentration on simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in an airlift internal circulation membrane bioreactor

The effects of chemical oxygen demand and nitrogen(COD/N)ratio and dissolved oxygen concentration(DO)on simultaneous nitrification and denitrification(SND)were investigated using an airlift internal circulation membrane bioreactor(AIC-MBR)with synthetic wastewater.The results showed that the COD efficiencies were consistently greater than 90% regardless of changes in the COD/N ratio.At the COD/N ratio of 4.77 and 10.04,the system nitrogen removal efficiency became higher than 70%.However,the nitrogen rem...     

DO浓度对生活污水硝化过程中N2Ｏ产生量的影响

为确定污水脱氮过程中最优的DO浓度和曝气方式,以提高污水处理效率,降低N₂Ｏ产生量,采用实际生活污水应用小试SBR反应器,重点考察了不同DO浓度条件下,硝化效率和硝化过程中N₂Ｏ的产生量.结果表明,当DO浓度恒定为0.4 mg·L^-1时,虽然硝化过程所消耗的能量最低,但其氨氮氧化的速率较低.提高DO浓度,氨氮氧化速率可随之升高.低氨氮生活污水硝化过程中仍有N₂Ｏ产生.DO浓度为0.4 mg·L^-1 和0.9 mg·L^-1时,污水N₂Ｏ产生量(以N计)分别为1.5 mg·L^-1和1.6 mg·L^-1;而DO浓度为1.5 mg·L^-1和2.0 mg·L^-1时,N₂Ｏ产生量则分别降低至0.5 mg·L^-1和0.4 mg·L^-1.当DO浓度高于1.5 mg·L^-1后,继续提高DO浓度,氨氮氧化速率升高的速率变缓,同时N₂Ｏ产生量大幅降低.因此,从提高污水脱氮效率节能降耗和控制N₂Ｏ产生量2个角度考虑,生活污水脱氮过程中控制DO浓度在1.5 mg·L^-1较为适宜.     

黑臭水体中不同浓度Fe2+、S2-与DO和水动力关系

以巢湖南淝河口湖湾区的黑臭水体为例,运用分位数回归方法研究了黑臭水体中不同浓度Fe²⁺、S^2-与DO及流速的定量关系.比较发现：分位数回归方法能够定量分析流速和DO对不同浓度Fe²⁺、S^2-的作用;而普通线性回归则无法给出它们彼此在不同浓度情况下的定量关系.进一步分析发现,水体流动主要通过分散作用降低黑臭水体中Fe²⁺及S^2-的浓度;增加流速对降低南淝河口及黑臭水体边缘等Fe²⁺、S^2-浓度梯度较大区域的污染效果显著;但对黑臭水体中间位置Fe²⁺、S^2-浓度梯度较小区域污染没有显著影响.增加DO对减少S^2-浓度达到0.043mg/L以上或Fe²⁺浓度达到0.80mg/L以上黑臭水体区域污染的效果明显;但对低浓度Fe²⁺、S^2-污染的处理效果不佳.这些结果为治理浅水湖泊中的黑臭水体提供了理论依据.     

Acid mine-drainage toxicity testing

The BOD inhibition test, the activated sludge respiration inhibition test, and the Microtox® Bioassay procedure were examined for their potential as rapid toxicity screening methods for acid mine drainage (AMD) and for setting toxicity threshold levels in receiving waters. The BOD inhibition test proved to be unsuitable due to the high chemical oxygen demand of the toxicant. The long incubation time (minimum 5 d at 20°C) allowed growth of chemo-autotrophic bacteria and resulted in excessive flocculation and precipitation of metals, making accurate and meaningful measurements of inhibition impossible. The activated sludge respiration inhibition test was successful in measuring AMD toxicity, and for deriving toxicity threshold levels for the basic heterotrophic community in surface waters. However, it is a very time-consuming technique and is not sensitive enough to be used as a routine screening technique. The variability in toxicity was found to be due to the availability of metals as well as the effect of pH on metabolism. Simple linear models were derived to estimate inhibition within surface waters. Prediction of the inhibition caused by AMD can be made as long as the pH of the river water after mixing and the dilution of the AMD are known. Most accurate predictions are made using equations for specific pH ranges, but a useful estimation of inhibition can be obtained using the general equation: inhibition (%) = -2.34 pH + 6.41 AMD (%) + 22.1. The Microtox® Bioassay method, although expensive, was rapid and simple to use. It was the most sensitive test of the three, with the toxic response of marine bacteria increasing notably from 5 to 15 min due to the presence of bivalent metals in the toxicant. The problem of repeatability and reproducibility encountered with the activated sludge inhibition test was overcome with the highly standardised Microtox® method, making it an ideal screening method for AMD. However, the advantage of the activated sludge inhibition test is that the types of heterotrophic micro-organisms found in activated sludge are similar to those found in receiving waters such as the Avoca River and so more meaningful toxicity threshold values can be obtained.     

泥沙对黄河水质参数COD、高锰酸钾指数和BOD5的影响——三论黄河的COD值与高锰酸钾指数不能真实反映其污染状况

研究了黄河泥沙含量与COD、高锰酸盐指数和BOD5等水质参数间的关系,揭示了当前黄河COD和高锰酸盐指数监测与评价中存在的问题.结果表明,在上述3个描述耗氧有机物污染程度的参数中,BOD5能真实地反映黄河的有机污染状况,而COD和高锰酸盐指数,不论是用含泥沙的浑水样品测得的数值,还是用滤除掉泥沙的清水样品测得的数值,均在相当程度上夸大了黄河的水污染程度.这种夸大作用在未污染和轻污染河段尤为显著.作者认为,在使用COD和高锰酸盐指数等参数对黄河水质进行评价时,不宜使用直接测得的数值,而应使用经"泥沙有机质本底量"校正的数值.     

氨基磺酸修正碘量法测定亚硝酸盐存在情况下水中的溶解氧

为了测定较高浓度亚硝酸盐存在时水中的溶解氧 ,提出了氨基磺酸修正碘量法 ,实验结果表明 ,对于清洁水和废水 ,与标准碘量法相比 ,氨基碘酸修正碘量法在亚硝酸盐浓度约为 10mg L、4 0mg L、70mg L情况下测定结果的相对标准偏差均小于 1% ,相对误差均小于 2 % ,表明方法的准确度和精密度可以满足实验室测定DO的要求。本方法测定DO时对亚硝酸盐氮适用的上限为 70mg L。     

浅谈生物化学需氧量质控考核

简要概述了在环境监测质量控制考核中,如何保证生物化学需氧量测定的可靠性和准确性.