Bacteria Associated with Degradation of Wastes from Rubber Processing Industry

An investigation of bacteria found in rubber processing wastes was carried out. Rubber wastes which include effluents from washing tanks and natural rubber waste serum (NRWS) were obtained from Greenpark Rubber Industries Limited, Umutu, Delta State, Nigeria. Five bacterial species were isolated from the wastes. These include Arthrobacter sp., Bacillus sp., Lactobacillus sp., Psuedomonas sp. and Streptococcus sp. Apart from these a number of coliforms were also encountered. Arthrobacter sp. was found to be the dominant species and its potential to utilize rubber hydrocarbon was determined. It was found that the growth of Arthrobacter in both effluent and NRWS was related to pH with the highest growths recorded at pH of 8.5 and 7.5 for effluent and NRWS respectively. It was also found that at controlled pH of 7.5 in NRWS, the growth of Arthrobacter was consistent and was accompanied by a reduction in biological oxygen demand (BOD) which was the the main index for measuring pollution strength of the wastes. It is therefore being recommended that rubber wastes be treated with Arthrobacter under controlled pH to reduce their pollution potentials before disposal. It is however suggested that a combined biological treatment using both Arthrobacter and Mucor as was earlier suggested be used. It is also recommended that chemical flocculants should be used to remove suspended solids in the effluent. A combination of these two cheap methods will go a long way in alleviating the problems of pollution caused by rubber effluents from some tropical rubber processing factories.     

Effects of Organic Material and Distribution of Fecal Coliforms in Chetumal Bay, Quintana Roo, México

Most wastewater from the city of Chetumal is discharged into the adjoining bay without treatment through a pluvial sewer system. The bay also receives a high volume of vegetal organic material from the River Río Hondo. The average of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) was 32.26 mg l-1, it was low compared with other reports and should be indicative of self-depuration processes in Chetumal Bay. In the area most used by the public for recreational and fishing activities, concentrations of fecal coliforms above the limit established by Mexican Legislation were shown. The border between Mexico and Belize is Chetumal Bay, which recently was declared a protected area for manatees.     

微生物传感器的研究现状及在水环境监测中的应用

微生物传感器是一种迅速发展的环境监测手段。文章介绍了微生物传感器的构成及工作原理与研究现状,并对微生物传感器进行了分类。文章还讨论了微生物传感器在水环境监测中的应用,其中包括在BOD检测、有机物检测及生物毒性检测中的应用,并对其在实际监测应用中所遇问题进行了分析。     

松花江干流肇源断面水体溶解氧动态特征分析

水体中溶解氧含量是判定水质的一个重要指标。基于松花江干流肇源断面不同时间尺度汇总数据的DO年内和年际变化趋势以及其与COD和NH_3-N关系分析表明,DO的年内变化趋势与松花江径流变化相关联,在平水期(04-06月和10-11月),DO值达到年内最高,介于7.64～7.70 mg/L;而在丰水期的(07-09月),DO值最低,在6.72～6.76 mg/L之间。年际间DO变化的特点是从2004-2010年,松花江干流的DO值呈增加趋势。不同时间尺度的数据整合结果有所差异,分析时间尺度越小,DO值变异性越强。回归分析表明,COD和NH_3-N对DO影响在枯水期显著(Sig≤0.001),DO与COD负相关,与NH_3-N正相关。     

15℃ SBBR短程硝化快速启动和稳定运行性能

本文通过控制C/N研究了15℃序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)低氨氮污水短程硝化工艺的快速启动和稳定运行性能.结果表明,启动运行60个周期C/N为1. 5时成功快速启动短程硝化,C/N为0和3时快速启动失败;荧光原位杂交和激光共聚焦显微镜联用技术(FISH-CLSM)结果表明,生物膜载体在C/N为1. 5时成功富集氨氧化菌(AOB),C/N为0和3时,几乎没有AOB与亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的存在;启动成功的短程硝化在运行过程中可以不加入碳源,但投加适量的碳源可提升硝化性能,对短程硝化的稳定运行更有利.本实验在高溶解氧(DO)(约9 mg·L~(-1))下成功启动短程硝化,稳定运行过程中平均DO维持为6. 5 mg·L~(-1)左右,成功将实现短程硝化的DO值从低浓度解离出来.反应器内充足甚至过量的NH_4~+-N可以有效抑制NOB的生长,保证短程硝化的稳定运行. 15℃工况下,全量亚硝化工艺更适合处理高氨氮负荷的污水,而半量亚硝化更适合降解低氨氮污水.     

微生物隔膜在生物阴极MFC中的应用及效能评价

本文构建了2.0L具有微生物隔膜的模块化生物阴极微生物燃料电池（MFC）,以实际生活污水为底物,在连续流运行模式中,系统考察了微生物隔膜（MS）在MFC长期运行过程中的功能特征.结果表明：发育成熟的微生物隔膜可以稳定维持MFC阴阳极室间的溶解氧（DO）浓度梯度,使阳极室平均DO浓度低于0.5mg/L,同时使完全混合的阴极室COD浓度低于50mg/L,避免了电解液性质对于电极反应的抑制.微生物隔膜可以实现离子的跨隔膜迁移,进而平衡阴阳极室间的pH值;阴阳极室间存在的跨隔膜离子梯度意味着微生物隔膜完全分隔了两极室内不同的微生物代谢类型,阴极快速的好氧代谢可能导致了阴极室离子强度的降低.微生物隔膜对于MFC中COD和DO梯度的保持以及pH值的平衡起到了决定性作用,这将严格保证MFC的正常运行.同时,本文论述了在面向规模化应用的MFC中装配微生物隔膜的巨大技术与经济优势,综合评价了微生物隔膜的效能特征,为进一步推广面向实际废水处理的微生物电化学设备提供了技术支撑.     

Estimate of sea loading by pollutants originating from the littoral counties in the Republic of Croatia

The paper reviews the data of 10 yr of following up sewage (waste water) inflows of anthropological origin into the sea from all the coastal settlements in Croatia. In particular, we report the sea loading by biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), expressed by the inhabitant equivalent (I.E.), for seven littoral counties. We estimated the loading of a coastal sea area for each county separately. The objective was to avoid any over- or underestimation of amounts and significance of sewage inflows into the seawater. For this purpose, a precisely determined sea volume up to the 10 m isobath has been chosen. Because of the inadequate treatment of wastewater, the total loading of that maritime territory expressed in terms of i.e. was found to be 26% higher than expected from the actual number of inhabitants. However, daily input represents only 12‰ of the considered volume of the sea. Recipient spent only 0.7% of the disposable oxygen quantity in the sea.     

水景构筑物对护岸型湿地中氮磷去除效率的影响

通过实验室模拟,研究了曝气处理及水景构筑物复氧处理(喷泉处理和跌水处理)对护岸型湿地中氮磷去除效率的影响。结果表明,护岸型湿地对缓流景观水体中的氮磷去除率分别约为61%和72%;曝气处理及水景构筑物复氧处理通过提高水体的DO值促进了护岸型湿地对氮磷的去除,对比空白系统,TP去除率提高了11.6%~19.1%,TN去除率提高了10.5%~16.1%;同时,喷泉处理和跌水处理通过对水体的较大扰动作用进一步强化了湿地对TP的吸附和强化絮凝作用;此外,硝化作用是护岸型湿地去除TN的主要控制步骤。     

El Niño影响下春季南海北部表层水体CO2分压变化

采用走航连续观测系统分别在2011年5月和2015年5月对南海北部表层水体温度、盐度、溶解氧、叶绿素a和pCO_2进行了现场观测.在El Nio影响下,2015年5月华南地区及广东省降雨量偏多,大量冲淡水入海,南海北部冲淡水区域海表盐度显著降低,2015年5月冲淡水区域海表盐度平均值为(28.05±6.18),低于2011年5月的海表盐度平均值(29.65±2.58),同时实测冲淡水区域海表温度平均升高约2.10℃.冲淡水携带的营养物质和适度升高的海表温度共同促进了冲淡水区域浮游植物的繁殖.浮游植物光合作用不断地将海水中的游离CO2转化为有机碳,同时释放出氧气,使得水体pCO_2降低,2015年5月冲淡水区域pCO_2平均值为(286±95)μatm,低于2011年5月的pCO_2平均值(300±42)μatm.2015年5月实测获得离岸海域pCO_2平均值为(421±9)μatm,高于2011年5月pCO_2平均值(386±13)μatm,二者差值为35μatm,海表温度是离岸海域pCO_2的主要影响因子,2015年5月El Nio期间离岸海域SST升高1.96℃.El Nio影响下冲淡水区域的碳汇作用增加,离岸海域的碳源作用增强,冲淡水区域碳汇增加与离岸海域碳源增强基本抵消,2015年5月南海北部整体仍是CO_2弱汇区,约为-0.40 mmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1),与2011年5月通量值-0.58 mmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1)差别不明显.     

有机碳源及DO对好氧反硝化细菌AD6脱氮性能的影响

采用摇瓶实验,研究了C/N值、培养液DO及柠檬酸盐、乙酸盐、葡萄糖3种有机碳源对好氧反硝化细菌Pseudomonas mendocina AD6脱氮性能的影响.C/N值不仅直接影响好氧反硝化过程中碳源数量,也显著影响培养液DO变化.C/N值为3时,因碳源数量不够而导致AD6好氧反硝化脱氮效率仅有42%;当C/N值为23、 15、 8时,培养液DO先快速下降至缺氧状态然后再升至好氧状态,反应末期TN损失率分别为69%、 70%、 55%,其中好氧条件下反硝化作用引起的TN损失约为7%、 20%、 25%.培养液起始DO在7.15～8.08 mg/L, C/N值为15及以下,摇瓶(250 mL三角瓶)装液量为25～100 mL,摇床转速为180 r/min,培养液DO先下降至缺氧状态,但可在反硝化反应进行24 h后恢复至好氧状态,减少摇瓶装液量的充氧措施提高培养液DO效果有限.柠檬酸盐与乙酸盐是AD6能够高效利用的碳源,利用率可达90%、 92%,而葡萄糖的利用率仅有41%.乙酸盐促进了 AD6的好氧反硝化功能,TN去除率、好氧反硝化脱氮效率分别比以柠檬酸盐为碳源时高14%、 5%.采用摇瓶试验评估好氧反硝化细菌的好氧反硝化效率应谨慎,因为取决于溶液的C/N值和碳源种类,可能相当部分N的损失是在缺氧条件下产生.