五日生化需氧量测定中稀释倍数的估算

假定样品经过培养后耗氧率达５５％；推导出ＢＯＤ５稀释倍数Ｋ＝ＢＯＤ５／４．４，由稀释程度规定推导出ＢＯＤ５稀释倍数Ｋ＝（ＢＯＤ５－１）／４．０两种方法Ｋ基本相同，标准样品，工业废水经上述方法稀释后，测定结果比较满意，尤其对工业废水测定，既缩短了分析时间，又降低了测定误差。     

生化需氧量测试方法稀释比的改良

由污水常规监测及实验室内质控样的分析结果,进行比较分析,获取经验常数,确立BOD_5与CODcr存在线性关系,可由CODcr计算BOD_5的近似值,引用经验公式,直接确定取样体积,对BOD_5常规测试方法进行了改良,以达到降低工作强度,提高监测人员工作效率的目的。     

低基质CANON中短程硝化稳定性控制研究

为研究主流PN/A（短程硝化/厌氧氨氧化）工艺中短程硝化稳定运行控制策略,采用连续流CANON反应器,以人工模拟低氨氮[ρ（NH₄+-N）为50 mg/L]无机废水为进水,考察了FA（free ammonia,游离氨）、DO等控制参数对低氨氮下连续流CANON反应器短程硝化的影响.结果表明,启动前期提高进水NLR（nitrogen volume loading,氮容积负荷）有利于维持CANON的稳定运行,控制NLR在1.01 kg/（m3·d）,运行至32 d,ΔNO₃--N/ΔNH₄+-N（指NO₃--N产生量与NH₄+-N消耗量的比值）始终维持在（0.11±0.02）.然而随着运行时间的延长,ρ（NO₃--N）逐渐增长,ΔNO₃--N/ΔNH₄+-N从理论值升至0.49,短程硝化受到严重破坏.过程中控制ρ（FA）在2 mg/L以上,NOB（亚硝酸盐氧化菌）受到明显抑制,但抑制周期短暂,并且随着ρ（FA）的降低,ρ（NO₃--N）快速升高,FA抑制失效.限制氧供给,控制ρ（DO） < 0.3 mg/L,ΔNO₃--N/ΔNH₄+-N降至0.16,但NOB并未被完全抑制,ρ（NO₃--N）仍呈上升趋势.微生物活性测定结果表明,运行中功能菌活性均得到增强,并且发现V_AOB > V_AnAOB > V_NOB,在限氧条件下[ρ（DO） < 0.3 mg/L]运行,NOB虽受抑制但仍维持较高活性.研究显示,在低氨氮条件下,采用FA以及限氧的方式对NOB抑制作用有限,对NOB控制条件的选择需结合反应器内微生物种群结构、生长特性进行进一步研究.      

不同C/N对半悬浮生物填料的同步硝化反硝化过程的影响

研究了不同的C/N比对半悬浮生物填料同步硝化反硝化(SND)过程的影响,并尝试找出能够实现完全脱氮的最佳C/N比.半悬浮生物填料生物膜反应器采用一种新颖的DO微电极技术展开试验,其结果从物质传递和分子生物学角度来阐明SND效率的差别.结果表明,物质传质和微生物的因素对SND效率有联合作用,生物膜的生物量、生物膜的结构和厚度及EPS在SND过程中有着重要的作用.使用半悬浮生物填料明显提高生物膜反应器内的生物多样性,它可以在C/N比20的条件下运行8 h后实现总氮的去除.     

低DO对活性污泥系统碳和氮去除影响的研究

考察了长期低溶解氧（DO）条件下推流式活性污泥系统碳和氮去除的效果,并从微生物群落结构及动力学特征方面进行了机理分析. 结果表明, 将DO浓度从2.0mg/L降低至0.3mg/L,系统仍可有效地去除污水中的碳和氮,但当DO降低至0.3mg/L时, 系统的脱氮性能波动较大. 随着DO浓度的降低, 系统中细菌的总体群落结构发生改变, 但功能菌群仍为Proteobacteria,约占65%.Nitrosomonas oligotropha、Nitrobacter winogradskyi spp.和Group1Nitrospira等是低溶解氧条件下的主要硝化细菌. qPCR结果显示DO从2.0mg/L降至0.5mg/L时硝化细菌（主要是Nitrospira）得到富集, 保证了低DO条件下的完全硝化. 硝化反应动力学分析也表明, 在一定范围内降低DO可以延迟细菌衰亡以维持活性污泥系统中硝化细菌的生物量. 本研究可为污水处理厂降低DO实现节能运行提供理论支持.     

Volatilization and Biodegradation of VOCs in Membrane Bioreactors (MBR)

Volatilization and biodegradation are major competitive volatile organic compound (VOC) removal mechanisms in biological wastewater treatment process, which depend on compound specific properties and system design/operational parameters. In this study, a mathematical model was used to determine major removal pathways at various organic loading rates (OLR), solids residence time (SRT) and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in a biological process for vinyl acetate. Model results showed that biological treatment process should be designed with long SRT, high OLR and low DO concentrations to maximize biodegradation and minimize volatilization of VOCs. Unless a VOC is toxic to microorganisms under the given conditions, low VOC emission rates are an inherent advantage of MBRs, which operate at higher OLR and longer SRT compared to conventional activated sludge process. A lab scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) was operated at varying OLR to investigate the relative volatilization and biodegradation rates for acetaldehyde, butyraldehyde and vinyl acetate. Synthetic wastewater containing three VOCs was introduced to the MBR. The DO concentration and SRT was maintained at 2.0 mg L^{− 1} and 100 days, respectively. The overall VOC removal rate was more than 99.7% for three VOCs at all the OLR. For vinyl acetate, the biodegradation rate increased from 93.87 to 99.40% and the volatilization removal rate decreased from 6.09 to 0.59% as OLR was increased from 1.1 to 2.0 kg COD m^{− 3} d^{− 1}. It was confirmed that a MBR can be a promising solution to reduce VOC emissions from wastewater.     

EVALUATION OF METHODS FOR ESTIMATING STREAM WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS IN A TRANSIENT MODEL FROM STOCHASTIC DATA1

ABSTRACT: In this study the estimation of parameters in water quality models represented by linear first order partial differential equations is investigated. Two sets of simulated input-output data, one with input noise and the other with output measurement error, were used. The parameters were estimated by a gradient technique (Bard's method) and a pattern search technique. The results indicate that the output measurement error significantly affects the values of parameter estimates as compared to the noise added to the input. Bard's method consistently gave results with a smaller sum of square value.     

生物传感器BOD快速测定仪的研究进展

生化需氧量(biochemical oxygen demand,BOD)作为表征水体中种类繁多的有机污染物的集合参数,在水质评价、污染监测以及废水处理厂的运行分析等方面发挥着重要作用.然而,传统的BOD测量需要5d,费时费力,不能及时反馈相关消息.因此,研究与开发方便、快速、准确的BOD测定仪受到了国内外学者的广泛关注.此文评述了BOD生物传感器快速测定仅的组成、性能、测定条件、响应速度等方面的国内外研究现状,分析了目前BOD传感器研究与开发中存在的问题和局限,并提出了今后进一步研究的方向.     

网箱养鱼对简阳三岔湖水库总磷浓度和溶解氧影响的模型研究

本文依据湖泊、水库的箱式模型理论，建立了简阳三岔湖水库网箱养鱼总磷模型和容解氧模型。并利用这一模型对不同网养面积下三岔湖水库总磷浓度和溶解氧进行了模拟实验。结果指出：按照三岔湖１９９１年养鱼特征和水文特征，网养面积最好不超过４．４×１０４ｍ２，绝对不能超过６×１０４ｍ２。     

餐饮业废水的COD与BOD相关性研究

本文对中国轻纺城较大宾馆的废水进行了ＣＯＤ和ＢＯＤ的测定，对两者相关性进行了研究，对其回归方程作了方差分分析及相关系数的显著性检验。回归方程的确立，对餐饮业的环境监测分析，环境管理具有实际意义。