全程自养脱氮特性因子的研究

以消化污泥脱水液为基质 ,两级串联悬浮填料床反应器的NH+₄-N平均表面负荷为 3～ 4g (m2·d) ,总的全程自养脱氮率达 65%～70 %。对反应器中的生物膜污泥采用批式实验 ,研究了全程自养脱氮的特性影响因子。结果表明 :只有在DO限制 (如 0.8mg/L左右 )条件下 ,生物膜污泥才能进行彻底而正常的全程自养脱氮作用 ;全程自养脱氮的适宜pH范围约在 7.5～8.5之间。      

低基质浓度下pH和DO对厌氧氨氧化反应效能的影响

在实验室稳定运行的ASBR反应器基础上,以人工模拟废水为原水,分别研究了p H值、DO对厌氧氨氧化反应器脱氮性能的影响,旨在找出厌氧氨氧化反应最佳的p H值范围,并考察过高的进水DO对厌氧氨氧化污泥脱氮效能的影响及厌氧氨氧化污泥对高浓度DO的抵抗性。结果表明:厌氧氨氧化反应器的最适进水p H为7.5~8.0,此范围内反应器脱氮性能良好且稳定,NH+4-N去除率达到90.2%,NO-2-N去除率达到91.1%。而厌氧氨氧化菌对DO十分敏感,水体中含氧量过高会产生明显的抑制作用,但控制进水溶解氧浓度后,厌氧氨氧化反应器脱氮性能可迅速恢复。一定时间内高浓度DO对厌氧氨氧化污泥的活性抑制是可以恢复的。     

河流底泥中DO和有机质对三氮释放的影响

通过大型静态土柱模拟实验,研究氮在上覆水和孔隙水中的分布特性和释放特性,在控制氧气和底泥w(有机质)的条件下,连续观测氨态氮、亚硝态氮和硝态氮(简称三氮,三者之和为总无机氮)质量浓度变化,并对其垂向分布特性进行分析,发现水体底泥释放氨态氮与反硝化作用达到平衡的时间受通氧条件影响明显;总无机氮质量浓度(ρ(TIN))在各柱的孔隙水、水土界面处和上覆水中的变化各异;在w(有机质)高的底泥中,有机质是影响总无机氮释放的最大因子,而在w(有机质)低的条件下,DO是影响总无机氮释放的最大因子.      

人工湿地中的SND机理以及DO、pH对其的影响

人工湿地中的水生植物向系统中输送大量的DO,并为系统中的微生物提供栖息地,使得系统中连续同时发生硝化和反硝化（SND）反应。DO的高低直接影响到人工湿地系统SND的效果,根据SND的发生机理,可采用复合植物床（系统前端栽种泌氧能力强、后端泌氧能力稍弱的水生植物）和间歇运行的的方式来改善整个系统的脱氮能力。pH过高或过低都会抑制人工湿地系统的SND作用,最适宜值为7．0,据此可以选择适当pH的湿地填料来提高系统的SND作用。     

典型城市河流中嗅味物质和微生物菌落特征

对某城市河流沿程水质、典型嗅味物质以及微生物群落结构进行了调查分析. 结果表明:河水中2种嗅味物质〔二甲基异莰醇(2-MIB)和土臭素(Geosmin)〕的质量浓度均受到ρ(DO)的显著影响. 绝对厌氧条件〔ρ(DO)<0.2 mg/L〕水体中,ρ(二甲基异莰醇)和ρ(土臭素)的平均值分别为794.8和269.8 ng/L;好氧条件〔ρ(DO)>2.0 mg/L〕水体中,二者的平均值分别为91.6 和104.7 ng/L;而且ρ(DO)较低时,水体中的可疑致病菌含量升高,微生物安全性降低. 控制该河流水体ρ(DO)在2.0 mg/L以上,有利于抑制水体中嗅味物质的产生,可提高河流水体的微生物安全性.      

Estimate of sea loading by pollutants originating from the littoral counties in the Republic of Croatia

The paper reviews the data of 10 yr of following up sewage (waste water) inflows of anthropological origin into the sea from all the coastal settlements in Croatia. In particular, we report the sea loading by biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), expressed by the inhabitant equivalent (I.E.), for seven littoral counties. We estimated the loading of a coastal sea area for each county separately. The objective was to avoid any over- or underestimation of amounts and significance of sewage inflows into the seawater. For this purpose, a precisely determined sea volume up to the 10 m isobath has been chosen. Because of the inadequate treatment of wastewater, the total loading of that maritime territory expressed in terms of i.e. was found to be 26% higher than expected from the actual number of inhabitants. However, daily input represents only 12‰ of the considered volume of the sea. Recipient spent only 0.7% of the disposable oxygen quantity in the sea.     

松花江、黑龙江水中可溶性铁与有机质含量的相关性

以黑龙江和松花江为研究对象,分析了河水中可溶性铁含量的分布特征及其与有机质含量、pH值的关系.结果表明,黑龙江、松花江水体中可溶性铁质量浓度分别为0.10～0.62和0.11～0.73 mg·L-1,Fe2+质量浓度分别为0.01～0.16和0.04～0.35 mg·L-1.松花江水体中可溶性铁、Fe2+浓度平均值均略高于黑龙江.同一年份内水体可溶性铁含量峰值以平水期居多.黑龙江水体CODCr与Fe2+含量呈显著负相关,松花江水体CODCr与可溶性铁含量呈显著正相关.松花江水体中BOD5、pH值与Fe2+含量呈显著负相关.人为来源的难生物降解有机质的大量输入提高了河水中铁离子的络合容量,使水中可溶性铁和有机络合铁含量增加.     

Monitoring of the Fate, Transport, and Effects of Sewage Sludge Disposed at the 106-Mile Deepwater Municipal Sludge Dump Site

Since 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has conducted monitoring studies to determine the transport, fate, and effects of sewage sludge dumped at the 106-Mile Deepwater Municipal Sludge Dump Site (106-Mile Site). This paper describes EPA's 106-Mile Site monitoring activities and the results from six oceanographic surveys of the Site. Surveys have been conducted to track sewage sludge plumes and monitor dispersion and settling characteristics; study plume toxicity and contaminant levels; search for sludge and sludge constituents in surface waters in the area of the Site up 74 km (40 nautical miles) away; maintain a stationary real-time current meter near the Site; deploy and retrieve approximately 50 sediment traps and 17 current meters on 10 arrays from Hudson Canyon south to Delaware Canyon, at depths ranging from 1500 to 2800 m; and deploy satellite-tracked drifters. Results of studies completed to date have provided field data on the chemical and physical behaviour of sludge discharge plumes. Short-term persistence of sludge particles in surface waters above the pycnocline was observed and advection of sludge material from the Site may be rapid, in many cases on the order of hours. A suggestion that removal of sludge material from the surface mixed layer at the Site occurs more from horizontal mixing and advection than from vertical transport processes is supported by the data. Finally, monitoring results have provided data for assessment of permit compliance and for development of additional monitoring to detect far-field transport and long-term impacts - monitoring efforts relative to these concetns continue.     

差压式直读BOD测定仪的验证实验

本文对“Ⅱ型差压式直读BOD测定仪进行了精密度、准确度、适用性和等效性的一系列验证实验,结果表明,“差压式直读BOD测定仪”是一种较为理想的BOD测定仪器,从而为该仪器法定为国家标准分析方法提供了科学依据。     

低温低溶解氧EBPR系统的启动、稳定运行及工艺失效问题研究

试验采用交替厌氧/好氧(An/O)SBR反应器,在温度为13~16℃的条件下启动并运行EBPR系统.研究表明,进水磷浓度20 mg·L-1,控制DO浓度为2 mg·L-1,低温条件下即可在短期内(6 d)实现EBPR系统的成功启动并获得高效稳定的除磷性能,出水磷浓度低于0.5 mg·L-1.降低DO浓度会影响EBPR系统的稳定运行效果,反应器好氧阶段DO浓度由2mg·L-1降为1 mg·L-1,系统仍可以稳定运行,磷的去除率均大于97.4%,但厌氧释磷量略有下降;DO浓度进一步降至0.5mg·L-1时,EBPR系统除磷性能迅速恶化且出水磷浓度超标.通过提高溶解氧浓度以恢复EBPR除磷性能的试验发现,低DO导致的系统失效在短期内不可逆.研究还发现,以NO-2及NO-3为电子受体的缺氧除磷小试对EBPR系统的稳定运行具有冲击作用,但由此产生的不利影响可在6个周期内得以恢复;此外,长期低温运行的EBPR系统内MLSS基本保持恒定且SVI略有降低,说明低温低DO条件有利于系统内污泥的沉降.