中国北方典型城市空气中苯系物的污染特征

为了研究中国北方典型城市大气中苯系物的污染状况和季节变化特征,于2008年4月—2009年1月间,选取沈阳和天津共11个监测点位分别采集大气样品,并利用三级冷阱预浓缩-GC-MS方法进行分析.结果表明,天津的苯系物污染浓度比沈阳高,这是因为天津的机动车保有量远远大于沈阳,机动车尾气排放量大.苯系物的污染程度与不同季节的气候变化密切关联,两城市均表现为春秋两季污染严重,冬夏两季污染较轻.城市不同功能区采样点的比较和苯与甲苯(B/T)的比值以及各苯系物之间的相关性分析表明,两城市苯系物污染浓度均受到局部排放源的明显影响,但在大部分地区交通源仍为主要排放源.     

地下水苯系物污染原位曝气修复模拟研究

通过TMVOC软件模拟了苯系物在拟定渗流区“自然”环境条件下的污染物运移行为和原位曝气修复过程中的污染物衰减过程,确定了最佳曝气流量和所需要的曝气井数量及分布,并对修复效果进行了模拟.模拟显示,泄露过程中,在重力作用下,不饱和区的苯系物以竖直迁移为主,同时在毛细作用下横向迁移;在饱和区中以顺水流方向水平迁移为主,同时会溶解进入地下水,污染羽可到达含水层底部.从含水层底部的7个曝气孔同时以12m3/h的速率将空气注入时,只需180d即可完全修复苯系物污染区域.该条件下单井有效修复半径约5m,有效修复范围优于从含水层中部和中下部进行曝气.     

嗜盐菌群在甲苯降解过程中群落结构的变化解析

从胜利油田的高盐油污土壤中富集到1个高效降解BTEX(苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯)的嗜盐菌群,分析了菌群在甲苯降解过程中的群落结构变化.结果表明,该菌群在5%盐度下可完全降解200mg/L甲苯.PCR-DGGE图谱显示,随着甲苯的加入,该菌群的优势种属由Bacillus sp.和Bacillus aquimaris转变为Thalassospira xiamenensis、Pseudomonas stutzeri、Virgibacillus sp.和Bacillus sp..这4种微生物在整个降解过程中稳定存在,且在降解完成后24h内没有衰亡的迹象.另外,该菌群可以降解菲,显示了降解多种芳香族化合物的能力.     

Characteristics of major volatile organic hazardous air pollutants in the urban air of Kaohsiung city

The concentrations and characteristics of volatile organic hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) in the urban city of Kaohsiung from motor vehicles and dense pollutant sources has become a national concern. To continuously monitor volatile organic HAPs, sampling sites were selected near the four air-quality monitoring stations established by Ethe nvironmental Protection Administration of Taiwan ROC, namely Nan-tz, Tso-ying, San-min and Hsiao-kang, from north to south. An on-site automated online monitor of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was used for continuous monitoring. This study performed two consecutive days of 24-h monitoring of five volatile organic HAPs form August to October 2005 at the four monitoring sites, which cover the northern, central, and southern areas of Kaohsiung city. The average monitored concentration was 2.78–4.84 ppb for benzene, 5.90–9.66 ppb for toluene, 3.62–5.90 ppb for ethylbenzene, 3.73–5.34 ppb for m,p-xylene, 3.38–4.22 ppb for o-xylene, and 4.48–7.00 ppb for styrene. The average monitored concentrations of the major volatile organic HAPs tended to follow the pattern San-min > Nan-tz > Hsiao-kang > Tso-ying. Among all the species monitored in this study, toluene had the highest ambient concentration, followed by styrene, m,p-xylene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, and benzene. The results showed that the concentration at night was higher than that in the day for toluene at Nan-tz, San-min, Hsiao-kang, and for benzene at Nan-tz and Hsiao-kang.     

热脱附法在测定空气中苯系物上的应用

对热脱附-气相色谱测定苯系物方法中的几种常用吸附剂进行了选择比较。结果表明,在测定苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯以及苯乙烯时,TenaxTA/Carbograph1TD复合型吸附剂的综合吸附效率最好。TenaxTA/Carbograph1TD复合型吸附剂的检出限、精密度、准确度和保存期都得到了良好的结果,能够满足监测分析的要求。     

满足国IV排放的DMCC发动机非常规排放研究

在一台电控单体泵增压中冷柴油机上采用柴油/甲醇组合燃烧方式(DMCC),后处理采用氧化催化转化器(DOC)耦合微粒氧化催化器(POC),对其排放特性开展了试验研究.结果表明:纯柴油模式时可挥发性有机物(VOCs)的排放体积分数在除怠速外的其它工况都小于5×10^-6,但甲醛在怠速工况时排放体积分数较高,为11.7×10^-6,苯系物的排放体积分数在各个工况下都小于6×10^-6;DMCC模式时,外特性时甲醇和甲醛排放均与柴油机相当,其它工况下甲醇和甲醛的排放体积分数大幅增加,都超过了250×10^-6,甲苯的排放体积分数要高于苯的排放体积分数;后处理器DOC+POC对甲醇和甲醛的催化效率均超过94%,对苯和甲苯的催化效率均超过75%.经过后处理器之后的柴油甲醇双燃料发动机的非常规排放物的比排放量为0.125 g·kW^-1·h^-1,原机的比排放量为0.209 g·kW^-1·h^-1,DMCC模式的非常规排放物要优于原机.     

不同下垫面苯系物的挥发行为研究

结合石油化工区挥发性污染物泄漏控制的需要,选取淄博地区代表性的砂土、壤土和水3种下垫面,对苯系物的挥发行为进行试验研究,得到了不同类型下垫面中苯系物单组分及其混合物的挥发动力学曲线、最优拟合公式和挥发动力学模型.结果表明,3种下垫面中,苯系物组分及混合物的挥发速率大小依次为:苯>甲苯>BTEX>二甲苯>乙基苯;而苯系物在静水面上的挥发最快,砂土中次之,壤土中挥发最慢.另外,3种下垫面中苯系物的挥发速率常(系)数与蒸气压的关系均呈线性正相关,挥发速率系数随着组分蒸气压的增大而明显增大.下垫面对苯系物挥发的影响机制主要表现为对挥发面积和介质在挥发扩散过程中可利用孔隙通量的影响.     

第二松花江中下游水体中苯系物含量及分布特征

本次研究采用气质联用仪分析第二松花江中下游江段底泥和水中苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯的含量,并对其分布特征和成因进行了讨论。研究发现,水中苯系物含量均远低于我国地表水环境质量标准和美国国家一级饮用水标准的限值。与国内其他水体相比,第二松花江江水中苯系物含量水平较低。底泥中苯系物含量显著高于水中,市区江段水和底泥中苯系物含量普遍高于非市区江段。     

Co-adsorption of gaseous benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene (BTEX) and SO2 on recyclable Fe3O4 nanoparticles at 0-101% relative humidities

We herein used Fe3O4 nanoparticles(NPs) as an adsorption interface for the concurrent removal of gaseous benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and m-xylene(BTEX) and sulfur dioxide(SO2), at different relative humidities(RH). X-ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, and transmission electron microscopy were deployed for nanoparticle surface characterization.Mono-dispersed Fe3O4(Fe2O3·Fe O) NPs synthesized with oleic acid(OA) as surfactant, and uncoated poly-dispersed Fe3O4 NPs demonstrated comparable removal efficiencies.Adsorption experiments of BTEX on NPs were measured using gas chromatography equipped with flame ionization detection, which indicated high removal efficiencies(up to(95 ± 2)%) under dry conditions. The humidity effect and competitive adsorption were investigated using toluene as a model compound. It was observed that the removal efficiencies decreased as a function of the increase in RH, yet, under our experimental conditions, we observed(40 ± 4)% toluene removal at supersaturation for Fe3O4 NPs, and toluene removal of(83 ± 4)% to(59 ± 6)%, for OA-Fe3O4 NPs. In the presence of SO2, the toluene uptake was reduced under dry conditions to(89 ± 2)% and(75 ± 1)% for the uncoated and coated NPs, respectively, depicting competitive adsorption. At RH 100%,competitive adsorption reduced the removal efficiency to(27 ± 1)% for uncoated NPs whereas OA-Fe3O4 NPs exhibited moderate efficiency loss of(55 ± 2)% at supersaturation.Results point to heterogeneous water coverage on the NP surface. The magnetic property of magnetite facilitated the recovery of both types of NPs, without the loss in efficiency when recycled and reused.     

有机沸石对水中BTEX及铬酸根离子的吸附

以天然沸石作为对比物 ,考察了有机沸石对水中BTEX (苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯 )及铬酸根离子的吸附性能 .结果表明 :有机沸石对水中BTEX和铬酸根离子的吸附性能较天然沸石有了很大提高 ,在低质量浓度范围 ( 0— 0 2 5g·l- 1 )内呈现良好的线性关系 .对铬酸根离子的吸附符合Langmuir吸附模型 ,1 5℃时的饱和吸附容量为 1 5 97g·kg- 1 .