炼焦过程中挥发性有机物成分谱特征初步研究

通过吸附管采样和热脱附/GC/MS分析研究了土焦炉生产过程中挥发性有机物排放和机械炼焦厂外大气中挥发性有机物分布.土法炼焦过程中TVOC排放高达1782.2μg/m3.成分分析显示,土法炼焦烟气和机械炼焦厂外大气中挥发性有机物包含苯系物、烷烃、卤代烃和萜烯类,其中以苯系物为主,分别占75.63%和72.25%.BTEX比值分析显示,炼焦排放挥发性有机物的特征有别于汽车等交通排放.     

常州某农药生产场地土壤中挥发性有机物污染状况调查

对常州某农药生产场地土壤中挥发性有机物污染状况进行了调查。数据表明,该场地土壤中挥发性有机物污染以苯系物和卤代烃为主。苯系物浓度为0～56.7mg/kg,卤代烃浓度为0～1.14mg/kg,有潜在风险。     

中红外光谱法快速测定车内空气中多组分有机污染物

随着汽车进入家庭,车内空气质量越来越受到人们的重视,亟需建立一种车内空气中有机污染物的快速测定方法以满足日常监测需要。将中红外光谱技术与化学计量学方法相结合,建立了一种快速测定车内空气中苯系物的方法。以偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立分析预测模型,并对光谱预处理方法、主因子数进行了优化。最佳校正模型对苯、甲苯、二甲苯浓度的校正均方差、预测均方差和交叉验证均方差分别为0.0089、0.0200和0.1115,0.0116、0.0011 和0.1398以及0.0137、0.0037和0.1390。研究表明,该方法具有较高的准确度和较好的适用性,用于测定车内空气中苯系物的浓度是可行的,并能大大提高车内空气质量监测的效率。     

顶空-便携式气相色谱法测定土壤中的苯系物

建立了顶空-便携式气相色谱快速测定土壤中苯、甲苯、乙苯、间对二甲苯、邻二甲苯的方法,并讨论了无机盐及振荡时间等因素对顶空分析灵敏度的影响。结果表明,方法回收率为87.2%~105.1%,相对标准偏差(RSD)5.3%~7.8%,最低检出限为0.1~0.8μg/kg;苯、甲苯、乙苯、间对二甲苯、邻二甲苯的线性范围分别为0.8~160μg/kg、1.6~320μg/kg、2.0~400μg/kg、2.0~400μg/kg和3.2~800μg/kg。方法回收率、RSD与标准方法相比没有显著性差异,较之标准方法其更能满足现场快速监测的需要。     

Fuel derived pollutants and boating activity patterns in the Sea of Galilee

MTBE (Methyl tert-Butyl Ether) is a fuel additive that replaced lead as an antiknock compound in internal combustion motors. Few years after its introduction, detectable levels of MTBE were found in various water bodies. MTBE has a very low taste and odor threshold and is a potential carcinogen. Another group of fuel derived toxic compounds that has been detected in water bodies is BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene). Boating activity and allochthonous contributions from watersheds are the major sources of fuel derived pollutants in lakes. Their concentrations in lakes thus vary as a function of boating activity intensity, lake surface area and depth, weather and wind regime, land-use in the watershed, etc. The Sea of Galilee (Lake Kinneret) is the only recreational lake in Israel and an important freshwater source. In the current study, a sampling campaign was conducted in order to quantify MTBE and BTEX concentrations in Lake Kinneret, its marinas and its main contributing streams. In addition, a boating-use survey was performed in order to estimate MTBE and BTEX contribution of recreational boating. The sampling campaign revealed that, as expected, MTBE concentrations were higher than BTEX, and that near shore (i.e., marina) concentrations were higher than in-lake concentrations. Despite the clear contribution from boating, high MTBE concentrations were found following a major inflow event in winter, indicating the importance of the allochthonous contribution. The contribution from boating during summer, as measured indirectly by in-lake concentrations, is likely underestimated due to enhanced MTBE volatilization due to strong winds and high temperatures. May–September was found to be the main recreational boating season, with continued boating year round. On average, a single boat is active 23 d/y, with 84% of the watercrafts being active only during weekends and holidays. The survey further indicated that boats stay in the lake for 4.5 h on average, which conforms to the unique winds regime that limits afternoon activity due to high winds, and have an average fuel consumption of 14 L/h. The annual load of MTBE and BTEX from recreational boating in Lake Kinneret was estimated at 4430 and 6220 kg/y respectively.     

顶空-气相色谱法测定水中苯系物的不确定度研究

建立顶空-气相色谱法测定水中苯系物不确定度的评定方法,分析测定过程中的主要影响因素,评定测定过程中引入不确定度的来源.通过分析和量化影响测定结果的不确定度分量,得出各分量对不确定度的相对贡献,对测定结果进行了表述.结果表明,顶空-气相色谱法测定水中苯系物七种组分的相对合成不确定度范围为6.09％ ∽ 11.11％,苯乙烯和邻二甲苯的不确定度较大,不确定度的主要影响因素为标准溶液及曲线配制、方法加标回收和样品重复测量.     

室内空气中苯系物污染现状及治理措施

苯系物指苯及苯的同系物,室内空气中的苯系物主要包括苯、甲苯和二甲苯。本文介绍了室内空气中苯系物的来源以及对人体的危害作用,讨论了目前室内苯系物的治理措施,为苯系物的治理提供一定的理论依据。     

2012年夏季天津城区BTEX污染特征与臭氧潜势分析

采用AMA GC5000BTX在线色谱仪监测天津城区2012年夏季大气中苯、甲苯、乙苯、邻二甲苯和间-对二甲苯(苯系物,BTEX)的浓度,并结合其最大增量活性因子(MIR)计算各组分的最大臭氧生成潜势量.结果表明,观测期间BTEX浓度均值为38.72μg/m3,其中甲苯和间-对二甲苯浓度最高,乙苯和苯次之,邻二甲苯最低, BTEX存在明显的日变化特征,受大气光化学反应和边界层扩散能力共同影响,午后浓度最低,夜间BTEX浓度维持在较高水平,各BTEX日变化趋势一致.苯与甲苯质量浓度的比值为0.77,表明机动车排放是BTEX的主要来源,但石油化工和涂料挥发等因素也对其存在影响.经计算,间-对二甲苯的最大臭氧生成潜势量最高,甲苯、乙苯和邻二甲苯相当,苯最低, 表明BTEX中间-对二甲苯的光化学反应活性最强.     

生物滴滤池对BTEX的去除及相应细菌群落分析

以预先驯化的菌群和活性污泥作为起始接种物用于生物滴滤池(BTF)中,研究评估了BTF去除苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯混合气体(BTEX)的性能,并利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术分析了微生物群落结构的变化.结果表明,BTF能在短时间内得到驯化,填料附着的生物量从第10 d的5.7 mg.g-1迅速增加至第30 d的112 mg.g-1.BTF能同时有效去除混合BTEX中的各组分,在进气负荷和停留时间分别为269.7 g.(m3.h)-1和39 s时,可获得的最大去除能力为216.6 g.(m3.h)-1.DGGE图谱表明,BTF中优势微生物种群主要来源于富集菌群,微生物群落结构随着运行时间发生变化,但在BTF上下空间分布较为均匀.     

Biodegradation of alkylates under less agitated aquifer conditions

The biodegradability of three alkylates (2,3-dimethylpentane, 2,4-dimethylpentane and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane) under less agitated aquifer conditions was investigated in this study. All three alkylates biodegraded completely under these conditions regardless of the presence or absence of ethanol or benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) in the feed. In the presence of ethanol, alkylates degradation was not inhibited by ethanol. However, alkylates degraded more slowly in the presence of BTEX suggesting competitive inhibition to microbial utilization of alkylates. In the sterile controls, alkylates concentrations remained unchanged throughout the experiments.