改良UCT分段进水工艺处理生活污水性能优化研究

在某大型污水处理厂采用中试规模的改良UCT分段进水脱氮除磷工艺处理低COD/N生活污水,重点研究了流量分配比和原水营养元素比（COD/N、COD/P和TN/P）对工艺脱氮除磷性能的影响,目的是分析探索工艺对有机物和氮磷去除机制和污泥特性.连续运行试验表明,该工艺取得稳定高效的去除性能.在进水COD负荷为0.79～0.9...     

热脱附法在测定空气中苯系物上的应用

对热脱附-气相色谱测定苯系物方法中的几种常用吸附剂进行了选择比较。结果表明,在测定苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯以及苯乙烯时,TenaxTA/Carbograph1TD复合型吸附剂的综合吸附效率最好。TenaxTA/Carbograph1TD复合型吸附剂的检出限、精密度、准确度和保存期都得到了良好的结果,能够满足监测分析的要求。     

A new approach to estimate nuclide ratios from measurements with activities close to background

Measurements of low-level radioactivity often give results of the order of the detection limit. For many applications, interest is not only in estimating activity concentrations of a single radioactive isotope, but focuses on multi-isotope analyses, which often enable inference on the source of the activity detected (e.g. from activity ratios). Obviously, such conclusions become questionable if the measurement merely gives a detection limit for a specific isotope. This is particularly relevant if the presence of an isotope, which shows a low signal only (e.g. due to a short half-life or a small transition probability), is crucial for gaining the information of interest.     

基于碳源优化的反硝化除磷及微生物特性

接种厌氧/缺氧/好氧-生物接触氧化（AAO-BCO）系统的反硝化除磷污泥,采用厌氧/缺氧/好氧-序批式（AAO-SBR）系统,重点考察了乙酸盐和丙酸盐配比（1：0,2：1,1：1,1：2和0：1）对反硝化除磷效率的影响,同时通过高通量测序对比了不同配比下微生物菌群结构的变化.结果表明,5种工况下,AAO-SBR系统均具有较高的有机物去除和反硝化除磷能力.而当乙酸钠/丙酸钠=1：0时,厌氧阶段在高效利用COD（87.63%）的同时完成聚-β-羟基烷酸（PHAs）的合成（174mgCOD/gMLSS）,释磷量高达31.22mg/L;缺氧阶段PO₄^3--P的去除（74%）伴随着NO₃^--N反硝化（90%）,PHAs利用率为72.4%,实现了氮磷的高效去除.高通量测序结果表明：不同碳源配比影响了微生物菌群的丰富度和多样性,其中变形菌门（Proteobacteria,31%~76%）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi,1%~26%）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes,2%~31%）等占据绝大比例,而乙酸钠、丙酸钠共存时,微生物的多样性较好.当乙酸钠为单一碳源时,系统中聚磷菌（PAOs,21.364%）在与聚糖菌（GAOs,2.317%）的竞争中占绝对优势.     

纳滤膜截留特性与膜基本特征之间关系的研究

选择DF10、DF30、DF90 3种纳滤膜对无机盐(NaCl和CaCl_2)、微量有机物(药物及个人护理品)、富里酸溶液进行纳滤实验,考察具有不同物理化学特性的膜对不同种类溶质的截留能力差异.结果表明,膜孔大小和带电量共同决定了纳滤膜对无机物的截留率,而微量有机物和天然有机物的截留率主要由膜孔径决定.膜活性层厚度很大程度上影响了膜的透水系数;膜的透水系数与NaCl截留率呈现负相关;膜的截留分子量越小,其对有机物的截留率越高;脱盐(NaCl)能力不一定正相关于有机物截留率,也不正相关于CaCl_2截留率.研究发现,DF30具有低无机物截留、高有机物截留的特性,这与其截留分子量适中、膜表面电荷密度低、活性层厚度小等物化性质密切相关.     

初夏渤海湾营养盐结构特征及其限制状况分析

根据2016年初夏渤海湾营养盐、叶绿素a和相关水文参数等数据,利用浮游植物吸收营养盐最低阈值和化学计量关系作为判断依据对渤海湾营养盐限制状况进行分析.结果表明：受陆地径流和渤海中部冷水输入的影响,初夏渤海湾在近岸、中部和湾口呈现三个明显的温盐特征海区.溶解无机氮（DIN）和活性硅酸盐（SiO₃^2--Si）受陆源输入影响,呈现近岸高湾口低的特征;DIN平均浓度为（7.67±6.48）μmol/L,SiO₃^2--Si平均浓度为（5.44±3.01）μmol/L,在湾口表层,DIN含量较低仅为（2.21±2.94）μmol/L,其中50%站点含量低于阈值（1μmol/L）,58.3%的站点存在DIN限制.而活性磷酸盐（PO₄^3--P）受陆源输入和浮游植物吸收储存作用等因素影响,呈现西部和曹妃甸外近海高中部较低的分布特征,平均浓度为（0.07±0.07）μmol/L,近岸受陆源氮磷输入总量差异影响,表层存在磷潜在限制比例达100%,而中部表层受浮游植物消耗吸收的影响,PO₄^3--P含量较低,仅为（0.02±0.02）μmol/L （未检出设为0）,其中近74.3%的水样含量低于阈值（0.03μmol/L）,磷限制状况严重.随着渤海湾氮磷营养盐陆源输入总量差距不断扩大,磷限制状况必将会进一步发展.     

Progression of natural attenuation processes at a crude oil spill site: II. Controls on spatial distribution of microbial populations

A multidisciplinary study of a crude-oil contaminated aquifer shows that the distribution of microbial physiologic types is strongly controlled by the aquifer properties and crude oil location. The microbial populations of four physiologic types were analyzed together with permeability, pore-water chemistry, nonaqueous oil content, and extractable sediment iron. Microbial data from three vertical profiles through the anaerobic portion of the contaminated aquifer clearly show areas that have progressed from iron-reduction to methanogenesis. These locations contain lower numbers of iron reducers, and increased numbers of fermenters with detectable methanogens. Methanogenic conditions exist both in the area contaminated by nonaqueous oil and also below the oil where high hydrocarbon concentrations correspond to local increases in aquifer permeability. The results indicate that high contaminant flux either from local dissolution or by advective transport plays a key role in determining which areas first become methanogenic. Other factors besides flux that are important include the sediment Fe(II) content and proximity to the water table. In locations near a seasonally oscillating water table, methanogenic conditions exist only below the lowest typical water table elevation. During 20 years since the oil spill occurred, a laterally continuous methanogenic zone has developed along a narrow horizon extending from the source area to 50-60 m downgradient. A companion paper [J. Contam. Hydrol. 53, 369-386] documents how the growth of the methanogenic zone results in expansion of the aquifer volume contaminated with the highest concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes.     

Investigation of interactions between surface water and petroleum-type pollutants

Background, Aims and Scope In oil spill investigations, one of the most important steps is a proper choice of approaches that imply an investigation of samples taken from different sedimentary environments, samples of oil contaminants taken in different periods of time and samples taken at different distances from the oil spill. In all these cases, conclusion on the influence of the environment, microorganisms or migration on the oil contaminants' composition can be drawn from the comparison of chemical compositions of the investigated contaminants. However, in case of water contaminants, it is very important to define which part of organic matter has been analyzed. Namely, previous investigations showed that there were some differences in chemical composition of the same oil contaminant depending on the intensity of its contact with ground water. The aim of this work is to define more precisely the interactions between oil contaminant and water, i.e. the influence of the intensity of interaction between the oil contaminant and water on its chemical composition. The study was based on a comparison of four fractionated extracts of an oil pollutant, after they had been analyzed in details. Methods Oil polluted surface water (wastewater canal, Pančevo, Serbia) was investigated. The study was based on a comparison of four extracts of an oil contaminant: extract 1 (decanted part), and extracts 2, 3 and 4 (extracted by shaking for 1 minute, 5 minutes and 24 hours, respectively). The fractionated extracts were saponified with a solution of KOH in methanol, and neutralized with 10% hydrochloric acid. The products were dissolved in a mixture of dichloromethane and hexane, and individually fractionated by column chromatography on alumina and silica gel (saturated hydrocarbon, aromatic, alcohol and fatty acid fractions). n-Alkanes and isoprenoid aliphatic alkanes, polycyclic alkanes of sterane and triterpane types, alcohols and fatty acids were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). δ13CPDB values of individual n-alkanes in the aliphatic fractions were determined using gas chromatography-isotope ratio monitoring-mass spectrometry (GC-irmMS). Results and discussion. Extracts 1 and 2 are characterized by uniform distribution of n-alkanes, whereas extract 3 is characterized by an even-numbered members dominating the odd-ones, and extract 4 showed a bimodal distribution. Extract 1 is characterized by the least negative δ13CPDB values of C19-C26 n-alkanes. Sterane and triterpane analysis confirmed that all extracts originated from the same oil contaminant. n-Fatty acids, C19-C24, in all extracts are very low, being somewhat higher in extract 4. Even-numbered n-alcohols, C12–C16, were identified in the highest concentration in extract 3. It was assumed that algae were responsible for the composition of extract 3. Furthermore, a possible reason for higher concentrations of C19–C26 n-alkanes and C19–C24 fatty acids in extract 4 is the formation of inclusion compounds with colloidal micelles formed between the oil contaminant's NSO-compounds and water. Conclusion It was undoubtedly confirmed that there were specific differences in the compositions of the different extracts depending on the intensity of the interaction between the oil contaminant and the surface water. Recommendation and Outlook. When comparing the composition of oil contaminants from different water samples (regardless of the ultimate investigation goal) it is necessary to compare the extracts isolated under the same conditions, in other words, extracts that were in the same or very similar interaction with water.     

基于TMVOC的水位波动带土壤气相抽提模拟

为探究水位波动对土壤气相抽提（Soil Vapor Extraction，SVE）修复的影响，以西北某傍河石化场地为研究对象，利用TMVOC模拟苯系物的自然衰减过程及不同水位状态下SVE修复过程，从修复效果、相间转化、饱和度演变等方面比较不同条件下苯系物的衰减率.结果显示，该场地较佳的抽提井的压强为9.1×10⁴Pa，影响半径为8m；苯系物在自然衰减、水位稳定状态下SVE修复及水位波动状态下SVE修复12个月后的质量损失分别为17%、85%、96%；水位稳定和水位波动状态下SVE修复12个月后，非水相液体（Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids，NAPL）的饱和度最大可达到0.066和0.044；水位稳定状态下，苯系物在"气-液-NAPL"相去除率逐渐降低，水位波动状态下，在水位下降的阶段，更多的NAPL相苯系物转化为气相，并被抽提气流携带去除.     

Length of index and ring fingers differentially influence sexual attractiveness of men’s and women’s hands

Humans show intra- and intersexual variation in second (2D) relative to fourth (4D) finger length, men having smaller 2D:4D ratio, possibly because of differential exposure to sex hormones during fetal life. The relations between 2D:4D and phenotypic traits including fitness components reported by several studies may originate from the organizational effects that sex hormones have on diverse organs and their concomitant effect on 2D:4D. Evolutionary theory posits that sexual preferences are adaptations whereby choosy individuals obtain direct or genetic indirect benefits by choosing a particular mate. Since sex hormones influence both fitness and 2D:4D, hand sexual attractiveness should depend on 2D:4D, a hypothesis tested only in one correlational study so far. We first presented hand computer images to undergraduates and found that opposite-sex hands with long 2D and 4D were considered more sexually attractive. When we experimentally manipulated hand images by increasing or decreasing 2D and/or 4D length, women preferred opposite-sex hands that had been masculinized by elongating 4D, whereas men avoided masculinized opposite-sex right hands with shortened 2D. Hence, consensus exists about which hands are attractive among different opposite-sex judges. Finger length may signal desirable sex hormone-dependent traits or genetic quality of potential mates. Psychological mechanisms mediating hand attractiveness judgments may thus reflect adaptations functioning to provide direct or indirect benefits to choosy individuals. Because the genetic mechanisms that link digit development to sex hormones may be mediated by Hox genes which are conserved in vertebrates, present results have broad implications for sexual selection studies also in nonhuman taxa.