Seasonal and interannual variability of hydrology and nutrients in the Northeastern Black Sea

The main objective of this work was to investigate the temporal variability of hydrochemical parameters in two coastal regions of the Northeastern Black Sea: the Gelendzhik bay, influenced by anthropogenic activities and the Golubaya bay an open coastal region. Dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, pH, alkalinity, phosphate, organic phosphorus, silicates, nitrates, nitrites, ammonia, organic nitrogen, oil products and heavy metals were measured. Si/P and Si/N ratios showed that the Gelendzhik bay waters were significantly enriched in nitrogen and phosphorus compounds. Unlike the Golubaya bay, phosphates were always present in the Gelendzhik bay, and development of photo-synthesis was not limited by these. Features of seasonal variability of nutrients in the Gelendzhik bay (increased concentrations and pronounced summer-autumn maximum) appeared to be a result of human impact—outflow of nutrients with shore input and recreational activities during the summer holiday season. The data obtained indicate that pollution from local spots from the coast of the Black Sea, related primarily to eutrophication, could play a large role in the nutrient balance of the sea and could affect its ecological state.     

Total Lead and Stable Lead Isotopes in Stockholm Sediments

Lead (Pb) in the environment is derived from both naturaland anthropogenic sources. The aim of this study is to estimate the isotopic signature of anthropogenic Pb in sediments from a highly contaminated area (Stockholm), to discuss the influence of different sources on this signature, and to suggest natural Pb background concentrations. Also distribution patterns and differences between different water areas in Stockholm have been studied, both by total Pb and stable Pb isotopes. In 1993, sediment samples were collected at 24 stations in the Stockholm area and analysed for total Pb, zirconium (Zr), scandium (Sc) and stable Pb isotopes (^{204, 206-208}Pb). Total Pb data show that the Stockholm sediments are severely contaminated by Pb. The contamination seems to be rather local since the small lakes surrounding the central parts of Stockholm are much less effected than the central parts. Stockholm is clearly influenced by anthropogenic and natural sources, but in some of the small lakes also by Pb in zircons from the geological basement. The anthropogenic Pb in Stockholm has typical ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ratios of 0.85–0.89 and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios of 36–38, which are distinct from natural sources. Pb/Sc ratios suggest that the natural background Pb concentration is 10–20 mg kg^-1 d.w.     

后置缺氧UCT分段进水工艺处理低C/N城市污水

为处理低碳源生活污水,以内碳源反硝化途径为出发点,开发了后置缺氧UCT分段进水工艺.该工艺仅在UCT分段进水最后一好氧段末端增加了后置缺氧环节,以强化微生物内碳源储存能力.在低C/N水平（平均进水C/N=3.1±1.5）的生活污水条件下,后置缺氧UCT分段进水工艺实现了平均75.3%的TN去除率,运行61d后同步硝化反硝化去除的氮量高达31.5%;运行40d后污泥内碳源储存水平比原工艺污泥提高12.2%,9小时比内源反硝化速率由零提高至5.56mgN/（gVSS×d）,系统可通过好氧段同步硝化内源反硝化（SNED）提高TN去除率.污泥沉降性能有明显改善：SVI值由350mL/g降至97mL/g,而原UCT分段进水工艺污泥仍然膨胀.该工艺仅在原工艺基础上增加了一后置缺氧段,无需外加碳源和额外硝化液回流设施,有利于水厂升级改造.     

中国北方典型城市空气中苯系物的污染特征

为了研究中国北方典型城市大气中苯系物的污染状况和季节变化特征,于2008年4月—2009年1月间,选取沈阳和天津共11个监测点位分别采集大气样品,并利用三级冷阱预浓缩-GC-MS方法进行分析.结果表明,天津的苯系物污染浓度比沈阳高,这是因为天津的机动车保有量远远大于沈阳,机动车尾气排放量大.苯系物的污染程度与不同季节的气候变化密切关联,两城市均表现为春秋两季污染严重,冬夏两季污染较轻.城市不同功能区采样点的比较和苯与甲苯(B/T)的比值以及各苯系物之间的相关性分析表明,两城市苯系物污染浓度均受到局部排放源的明显影响,但在大部分地区交通源仍为主要排放源.     

Characteristics of major volatile organic hazardous air pollutants in the urban air of Kaohsiung city

The concentrations and characteristics of volatile organic hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) in the urban city of Kaohsiung from motor vehicles and dense pollutant sources has become a national concern. To continuously monitor volatile organic HAPs, sampling sites were selected near the four air-quality monitoring stations established by Ethe nvironmental Protection Administration of Taiwan ROC, namely Nan-tz, Tso-ying, San-min and Hsiao-kang, from north to south. An on-site automated online monitor of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was used for continuous monitoring. This study performed two consecutive days of 24-h monitoring of five volatile organic HAPs form August to October 2005 at the four monitoring sites, which cover the northern, central, and southern areas of Kaohsiung city. The average monitored concentration was 2.78–4.84 ppb for benzene, 5.90–9.66 ppb for toluene, 3.62–5.90 ppb for ethylbenzene, 3.73–5.34 ppb for m,p-xylene, 3.38–4.22 ppb for o-xylene, and 4.48–7.00 ppb for styrene. The average monitored concentrations of the major volatile organic HAPs tended to follow the pattern San-min > Nan-tz > Hsiao-kang > Tso-ying. Among all the species monitored in this study, toluene had the highest ambient concentration, followed by styrene, m,p-xylene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, and benzene. The results showed that the concentration at night was higher than that in the day for toluene at Nan-tz, San-min, Hsiao-kang, and for benzene at Nan-tz and Hsiao-kang.     

BTEX污染含水层不同形态铁含量变化的试验模拟

通过砂柱试验模拟BTEX(苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯的混合物)污染含水层的过程,分析了含水层中铁形态分布及氧化还原环境的变化.结果表明:发生铁还原反应区域介质中的w(TFe)降幅最大,达25.7%;而发生硫酸盐还原反应的区域介质中的w(TFe)因亚铁沉淀生成作用降幅减至11.7%~14.6%.铁还原菌电子受体主要来源于氧化物结合态铁;氧化物结合态铁首先转化为可交换态铁,进而被利用.硫化物结合态铁的形成可作为硫酸盐还原过程开始的标志.      

嗜盐菌群在甲苯降解过程中群落结构的变化解析

从胜利油田的高盐油污土壤中富集到1个高效降解BTEX(苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯)的嗜盐菌群,分析了菌群在甲苯降解过程中的群落结构变化.结果表明,该菌群在5%盐度下可完全降解200mg/L甲苯.PCR-DGGE图谱显示,随着甲苯的加入,该菌群的优势种属由Bacillus sp.和Bacillus aquimaris转变为Thalassospira xiamenensis、Pseudomonas stutzeri、Virgibacillus sp.和Bacillus sp..这4种微生物在整个降解过程中稳定存在,且在降解完成后24h内没有衰亡的迹象.另外,该菌群可以降解菲,显示了降解多种芳香族化合物的能力.     

地下水苯系物污染原位曝气修复模拟研究

通过TMVOC软件模拟了苯系物在拟定渗流区“自然”环境条件下的污染物运移行为和原位曝气修复过程中的污染物衰减过程,确定了最佳曝气流量和所需要的曝气井数量及分布,并对修复效果进行了模拟.模拟显示,泄露过程中,在重力作用下,不饱和区的苯系物以竖直迁移为主,同时在毛细作用下横向迁移;在饱和区中以顺水流方向水平迁移为主,同时会溶解进入地下水,污染羽可到达含水层底部.从含水层底部的7个曝气孔同时以12m3/h的速率将空气注入时,只需180d即可完全修复苯系物污染区域.该条件下单井有效修复半径约5m,有效修复范围优于从含水层中部和中下部进行曝气.     

低温条件下基于TMVOC的土壤气相抽提技术数值模拟

为研究低温条件下土壤气相抽提技术对包气带中苯系物的去除效果、解决修复技术有效性评估等难题,基于TMVOC模型模拟砂箱试验,从浓度梯度、相间转化、饱和度变化等方面分析土壤气相抽提技术对污染物空间分布规律的影响机理.结果表明,TMVOC模拟苯系物浓度的计算值与试验测量值的拟合效果较好;低温条件下,砂箱土体中苯、甲苯、乙苯、邻二甲苯的去除率分别为89.8%、71.3%、29.7%、14.4%.两次抽提过程中,苯在"气-液-NAPL（non-aqueous phase liquid）"三相中的质量均减少,减少比例近似为2:7:1,苯在液相中的质量减幅最大;在间歇期,苯由"NAPL相"以近似3:7的比例向"气、液"两相运移.在砂箱土体上部和中部NAPL相饱和度保持为0,"气-液"两相共存,间接表明苯系物在"气-液"两相间发生运移;在砂箱土体底部污染源附近"气-液-NAPL"相共存,间接表明苯系物在"气-液-NAPL"相间发生运移,抽提作用使得气相与液相饱和度升高、NAPL相饱和度降低.      

尼洋河流域水化学特征及其控制因素

为研究尼洋河流域水化学特征及其控制因素,2014年先后采集河水7组,井水13组,泉水10组,共计30组水样.综合运用数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs模型和离子比等方法,分析了尼洋河流域河水、泉水和井水的水文地球化学特征,并探讨了尼洋河流域的水化学演化规律.结果表明,河水、井水及泉水中阳离子均以Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)为主,占阳离子总量的84%以上;阴离子以HCO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)为主,占阴离子总量的97%以上;TDS介于79.11~290.48 mg·L~(-1)之间,平均值为165.21 mg·L~(-1),矿化度较低;水化学类型以HCO_3·SO_4(SO_4·HCO_3)-Ca·Mg(Mg·Ca)型水为主;水化学样品均分布在Gibbs模型左中部,说明该流域水化学离子组成受岩石风化作用控制;主成分分析及相关分析表明,尼洋河流域水化学组分受硅酸盐岩的溶解控制,碳酸盐岩的溶解也起到非常重要的作用.