Bacillus thuringiensis field applications: Effect of nozzle type,drop size,and application timing on efficacy against gypsy moth

Abstract

In a series of recent studies, we evaluated the influence of delivery systems, drop size and application timing on the efficacy of aerially applied Bacillus thuringiensis against gypsy moth infestations. Use of different nozzle systems including Micronair, Flat Fan or Twin Jet, did not appear to result in significant differences in Bt coverage efficiency, foliage protection or population reduction. Nor was there any significant difference in population reduction when Bt was applied at two different drop sizes with volume median diameters of 110 and 163 μm. The efficacy of different formulations on larval populations were similar when used against the younger 1st and 2nd instar but differed when treatment was delayed until the population matured to the 3rd and 4th instar stages.     

Biodegradation of triazine herbicide metribuzin by the strain Bacillus sp. N1

By enrichment culturing of soil contaminated with metribuzin, a highly efficient metribuzin degrading bacterium, Bacillus sp. N1, was isolated. This strain grows using metribuzin at 5.0% (v/v) as the sole nitrogen source in a liquid medium. Optimal metribuzin degradation occurred at a temperature of 30ºC and at pH 7.0. With an initial concentration of 20 mg L^?1, the degradation rate was 73.5% in 120 h. If the initial concentrations were higher than 50 mg L^?1, the biodegradation rates decreased as the metribuzin concentrations increased. When the concentration was 100 mg L^?1, the degradation rate was only 45%. Degradation followed the pesticide degradation kinetic equation at initial concentrations between 5 mg L^?1 and 50 mg L^?1. When the metribuzin contaminated soil was mixed with strain N1 (with the concentration of metribuzin being 20 mg L^?1 and the inoculation rate of 10¹¹ g^?1 dry soil), the degradation rate of the metribuzin was 66.4% in 30 days, while the degradation rate of metribuzin was only 19.4% in the control soil without the strain N1. These results indicate that the strain N1 can significantly increase the degradation rate of metribuzin in contaminated soil.     

枯草芽孢杆菌对土臭素和2-甲基异冰片的降解动力学特性

土臭素(geosmin,GSM)和2-甲基异冰片(2-methylisoborneol,2-MIB)是2种普遍存在于养殖水体中的土腥异味化合物,微生物降解是去除这两种物质的有效途径.本文研究了枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)降解GSM和2-MIB的动力学特性.结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌对GSM(1 000~2 000 ng·L-1)和2-MIB(1 000~2 000 ng·L-1)具有较好的降解性能,降解率均达90%以上;枯草芽孢杆菌对这些异味化合物的降解符合伪一级反应动力学,其生物降解速率常数(K)范围为0.14~0.41,降解速率不随GSM和MIB初始浓度的变化而变化;枯草芽孢杆菌对GSM降解的最大比生长速率umax为0.311,Monod常数KS为1.73,而在降解MIB过程中枯草芽孢杆菌的生长不符合Monod方程(R2=0.781).     

碳化稻壳-铁锰氧化菌耦合净化严寒村镇高铁锰地下水效能与机制

针对严寒地区特有地理气候条件及制约当前村镇建设与发展的典型问题,以建设绿色低碳、节能环保村镇为目标,研发碳化稻壳-优势铁锰氧化菌耦合工艺净化严寒村镇高铁锰地下水,探究生物滤柱低温快速启动方式;基于接触氧化与生物法,对比分析不同滤速条件下滤柱沿程除铁效能与反应速率,研究生物滤层除铁机制;基于扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)、傅立叶红外线光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,XPS)、拉曼光谱(Raman spectra)、电子顺磁共振(electron paramagnetic resonance,EPR)对运行不同阶段的滤料与反冲洗水泥样表征剖析生物滤层除锰机制.结果表明,优势菌液低滤速-全循环的运行方式使稻壳生物滤层成熟且稳定仅需15 d;稳定运行阶段出水铁、锰、细菌浓度分别低于0.3 mg·L~(-1)、0.1 mg·L~(-1)、100 CFU·m L~(-1),均满足国家生活饮用水卫生标准(GB 5749-2006);除铁机制主要依靠物化作用、辅以生物作用;在滤料成熟阶段与稳定运行初期除锰主要依靠生物作用,稳定运行后期物理化学作用占优势;该研究为严寒村镇Fe~(2+)、Mn~(2+)地下水集中处理应用提供了技术支撑.     

高效甲醛降解菌处理突发污染事故研究

通过选择培养,选育到1株能快速降解高浓度甲醛的菌株BZ-001H,经鉴定为Bacillus cereus,其最适降解条件是30℃和pH 7.0,最适浓度为8 000 mg L-1,最佳接种量为0.3‰,甲醛浓度越高时对pH的变化越敏感.用BZ-001H作为功能菌株对活性污泥系统强化后应急处理含2 035.67 mg L-1、4 155.63 mg L-1、8 099.27 mg L-1浓度甲醛的模拟废液,2.5h、6 h、14 h后去除率都能达到99%以上.模拟甲醛突发污染事故场景与应用条件,用BZ-001H强化常规SBR工艺应急处理4 073.65 mg L-1甲醛废液,经过8 h降解,可使出水甲醛达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)一级标准.同时,考察了应急处理过程对应急系统和常规系统的影响,结果表明,应急处理结束后,应急SBR系统运行2周期后COD达标排放,6周期后氨氮达标排放;而对照系统受冲击明显,运行10周期后氨氮仍未达标,去处率仅为18.81%.     

蓝藻发酵生产微生物农药的影响因素研究

采用摇瓶发酵试验探讨了蓝藻为原料制备苏云金杆菌生物杀虫剂的可行性,并考察了不同培养条件（蓝藻含固率、种龄、接种量、初始pH、摇床转速、发酵温度）对苏云金杆菌生长增殖、产孢与产毒效果的影响。研究结果表明,无需任何预处理工序,Btk 130菌株能在蓝藻为唯一原料的培养基中正常生长发育,并且产孢产毒。发酵48 h后,芽孢产率达到86.7%,远高于常规培养基;生物毒效为282 IU.mL-1,与常规培养基相当。培养条件优化结果表明,在蓝藻含固率为2%、初始pH为7.0、接种物种龄为9 h、接种量为2%、培养温度为30℃、摇瓶转速为200 r.min-1的条件下培养48 h,Btk 130可达到较好的发酵效果,活菌数及抗热芽孢数可达7.32 CFU.mL-1和6.38 CFU.mL-1,生物毒效为528 IU.mL-1。该研究不仅为蓝藻提供了高附加值的处置新途径,而且可显著降低生物杀虫剂的生产成本,具有广阔的应用前景。     

磺胺二甲基嘧啶(SM2)高效降解菌J2的分离筛选及降解特性研究

从城市污水处理厂活性污泥中分离得到一株能以磺胺二甲基嘧啶(SM2)为唯一碳源的菌株,经生理生化鉴定和16S rRNA基因序列同源性分析,将此菌鉴定为蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus),命名为J2.不同条件下的降解特性研究结果表明,J2菌株具有极高的SM2耐受性(100 mg·L~(-1))、较广的温度(20～30℃)和pH(6～8)适用范围;在温度30℃、pH=8.0、初始OD_(600)=0.1、SM2起始浓度为50 mg·L~(-1)的条件下,J2菌株在36 h内对SM2的降解率可达100%,降解效率远超目前已报道的其他SM2降解菌株,展现出了良好的应用潜力.J2菌株降解SM2过程中产生了5种主要中间代谢产物,分析推断其降解SM2的途径分为两条:①磺胺二甲基嘧啶分子首先在酶促反应作用下脱除SO_2,生成嘧啶环和苯胺环自由基,这两种自由基再经过环间耦合生成N-(4,6-二甲基嘧啶-2基)-1,4-二苯胺,该分子中的C—N键在活性氧物种的作用下断开生成苯胺和2-氨基-4,6-二甲基嘧啶;②在漆酶的作用下N~4键断裂,产生N-(3,5-二甲基嘧啶)-苯磺酰胺,之后N-(3,5-二甲基嘧啶)-苯磺酰胺的N—S键断裂,进一步形成2-氨基-4,6-二甲基嘧啶和苯亚砜.     

高效苯酚降解菌Bacillus sp.L5-1的分离及其降解特性

从污水处理厂活性污泥中分离筛选出一株高效苯酚降解菌L5-1,经菌落形态观察和16S rDNA基因测序,结果表明菌株L5-1为蜡样芽胞杆菌（Bacillus cereus）,美国国家生物信息中心（NCBI）的注册号为MN784421.将苯酚设置为唯一碳源,对其生长和苯酚降解特性展开研究.结果表明：菌株L5-1在10%接种量、温度30~35℃、pH值7~8的条件下,均能高效降解培养基中苯酚（培养基体积为100mL,初始苯酚浓度为500mg/L,14h时降解率>93%）.而在最优降解条件下（10%接种量,培养温度为35℃,pH值7.0,NaCl浓度为1%）,初始苯酚浓度为500mg/L,菌株在14h内的苯酚降解率可达97.1%;而当初始苯酚浓度为1000mg/L,菌株也可在46h内达到97.71%的降解率.运用Haldance方程动力学模拟菌株在不同浓度苯酚下的生长过程,其最大比生长速率为0.355h^-1,半饱合常数104.27mg/L,抑制常数为322.83mg/L,R²=0.997.菌株L5-1为目前已报道的Bacillus菌属中降解苯酚能力较强的菌株,为实际处理含酚废水中提供理论参考.     

Biosorption of Cu (II) ions by indigenous copper-resistant bacteria isolated from polluted coastal environment

The concentrations of copper in water and sediment samples of Cuddalore coastal area, Tamil Nadu, India were examined. The isolation, characterization, screening, and metal sorption capabilities of copper-resistant bacteria (CURB) also were investigated. Biosorption capabilities and growth time varied among the resistant isolates. All isolates reduced more than 80% of copper from copper-treated broth. However, Bacillus cereus CURB-4 strain absorbed more copper ions (99.9%) than other resistant isolates. Changes in structural group position and synthesis of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) of CURB-4 strain under copper stress and controlled conditions also were examined. Under copper stress condition, CURB-4 produced more EPS (71 ± 0.6%) compared to control conditions (66 ± 0.4%). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the changes in functional group position of EPS were observed in stressed condition. Overall, synthesis of EPS in bacteria is a protective barrier against environmental stress.     

城市污泥中重金属镉对苏云金杆菌发酵的影响机制

为揭示苏云金杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,简称Bt）富集重金属的可行性,考察重金属对Bt发酵的影响,以生物毒性较大的重金属镉（Cd）为研究对象,以城市污泥为培养基,研究了添加Cd（II）对Bt生长和晶体蛋白合成的影响,分析了Bt发酵过程中Cd有效态质量浓度的变化,利用傅立叶红外光谱（FTIR）和X线光电子能谱（XPS）初步探讨了Cd（II）在Bt表面吸附的作用机制。结果表明：培养基中外加Cd（II）对Bt生长的影响主要取决于Cd有效态质量浓度,污泥培养基在支持Bt生长和降低重金属有效态质量浓度上均明显优于常规培养基;Bt对Cd（II）有较好的耐受性,当Cd有效态质量浓度在20 mg.L-1以下时,Bt能较好地完成生长代谢过程;光谱学分析表明Bt对Cd（II）有少量吸附,吸附位点主要为羟基,少量C=O基团也可与吸附反应,可有效降低重金属的生物有效性。