Enrichment and Isolation of a Mixed Bacterial Culture for Complete Mineralization of Endosulfan

In the present study, we isolated three novel bacterial species, namely, Staphylococcus sp., Bacillus circulans–I, and Bacillus circulans–II, from contaminated soil collected from the premises of a pesticide manufacturing industry. Batch experiments were conducted using both mixed and pure cultures to assess their potential for the degradation of aqueous endosulfan in aerobic and facultative anaerobic condition. The influence of supplementary carbon (dextrose) source on endosulfan degradation was also examined. After four weeks of incubation, mixed bacterial culture was able to degrade 71.82 ± 0.2% and 76.04 ± 0.2% of endosulfan in aerobic and facultative anaerobic conditions, respectively, with an initial endosulfan concentration of 50 mg l^?1. Addition of dextrose to the system amplified the endosulfan degradation efficiency by 13.36 ± 0.6% in aerobic system and 12.33 ± 0.6% in facultative anaerobic system. Pure culture studies were carried out to quantify the degradation potential of these individual species. Among the three species, Staphylococcus sp. utilized more beta endosulfan compared to alpha endosulfan in facultative anaerobic system, whereas Bacillus circulans–I and Bacillus circulans–II utilized more alpha endosulfan compared to beta endosulfan in aerobic system. In any of these degradation studies no known intermediate metabolites of endosulfan were observed.     

蜡状芽孢杆菌好氧反硝化特性研究

从湖北省洪湖、仙桃等地采集的活性污泥和土壤中分离得到32株好氧反硝化细菌,对其进行反硝化能力测定,其中3株菌的反硝化能力较强,能以NaNO₃为唯一氮源生长,分别命名为HS-N25,HS-MP12和HS-MP13. 这3株菌可以分别在18,15和12 h内将特定培养基SC中起始浓度为10 mmol/L 的NO₃-完全降解. 通过菌株形态观察、生理生化及16S rDNA 分子鉴定,菌株HS-N25,HS-MP12及HS-MP13与蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)亲缘关系最为接近,同源性达99%. 初步鉴定这3株菌为蜡状芽孢杆菌.      

微生物絮凝剂ZS-7的纯化及其结构特征研究

采用透析、乙醇沉淀、凝胶过滤层析对微生物絮凝剂ZS-7进行了纯化.经鉴定纯化后的微生物絮凝剂ZS-7是一种新型的糖蛋白,其产量大约为0.98 g/L发酵液.ZS-7主要由多糖和蛋白质组成,含量分别为91.5%和8.4%.进一步的分析表明ZS-7中含有酸性多糖包括糖醛酸(16.4%)、丙酮酸(7.1%)和乙酸(0.5%).采用凝胶色谱法测得ZS-7的相对分子质量为6.89×104.红外光谱、X射线能谱图和核磁共振图谱说明糖蛋白絮凝剂ZS-7含有羟基、氨基、羧基、甲氧基和磺酸等功能性基团.单糖组成分析说明ZS-7主要由鼠李糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖和半乳糖组成,各单糖的摩尔比大致为:半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶甘露糖∶鼠李糖=142∶2.2∶4.5∶3.4.     

对硝基苯胺耐盐降解菌S8的筛选及特性研究

从江苏农药厂活性污泥中筛选出1株能以对硝基苯胺为唯一碳源和氮源生长代谢的耐盐降解菌S8.通过对其形态特征、生理生化特性以及16S rDNA序列分析,确定为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis).研究表明,该菌株具有较强的对硝基苯胺降解能力.当温度31℃和pH 6.0时,S8在72 h内对60 mg·L-1和120 mg·L-1对硝基苯胺的降解率分别为65.6%和55.8%.在高盐条件下,S8仍有较强的降解能力,当盐含量为7%时,对硝基苯胺降解率为49.5%(72 h);当盐含量为10%时,对硝基苯胺降解率为27.4%(72 h).利用LC-MS法分析降解产物时,共发现6种分子量不同的化合物,其中两种为苯酚及对苯二酚.此为首次关于对硝基苯胺耐盐菌株的研究报道,菌株S8可用于含有对硝基苯胺的高盐工业废水的微生物修复.     

Pb2+对城市污水处理厂污泥中苏云金芽孢杆菌发酵的影响

以城市污水处理厂污泥为培养基,研究了添加Pb2+对Bt(Bacillus thuringiensis,苏云金芽孢杆菌)生长和晶体蛋白合成的影响,同时分析了Bt发酵过程中有效态Pb含量(以ρ计)的变化,并采用FTIR(傅立叶红外光谱)和XPS(X射线光电子能谱),初步探讨了Pb2+在Bt表面的作用机制.结果表明:污泥培养基在支持Bt生长代谢和降低重金属有效态含量方面均优于商用培养基,当初始ρ(Pb2+)高达400 mg/L时,与未添加Pb2+相比,污泥培养基中Bt活菌数与晶体蛋白产量约分别下降48%和54%,而商用培养基中约分别下降82%和75%,证实了污泥作为Bt发酵培养基的可行性;Bt对Pb2+有较好的耐受性,当ρ(有效态Pb)在80 mg/L以下时,Bt生长代谢不会受到显著影响.光谱学分析表明,Bt对Pb2+有少量吸附,从而降低Bt发酵过程中Pb的生物有效性,吸附位点主要为羟基,部分C O和S O也参与了吸附反应.     

铜绿微囊藻与藻际细菌Ma-B1菌株的相互作用

藻与细菌通常共生于淡水生境,形成藻-菌共生体系,藻际细菌是水体生态系统中的重要组成部分,对藻的消长起重要的调控作用,但有关藻际微环境中藻与细菌的互作机制还不清楚. 采用传统的细菌平板培养方法,从太湖优势水华藻——铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)细胞表面分离出一株藻际细菌Ma-B1,基于生理、生化试验和16S rRNA基因序列分析,初步鉴定为甲基营养芽孢杆菌(Bacillus methylotrophicus). 通过测定细胞生长,分析藻-菌相互作用机理. 结果表明:一定浓度(＞60 μg/mL)的Ma-B1的胞外代谢物可显著抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长(培养基为BG11,28 ℃/日,22 ℃/夜,3 000 lx,光暗比为14 h∶10 h);铜绿微囊藻的胞外滤液(500 μL/mL)对Ma-B1的生长有一定的促进作用,但其总滤液(500 μL/mL)显著促进Ma-B1的生长;Ma-B1细胞对铜绿微囊藻的生长没有显著影响,而高浓度(藻菌比10∶1)的铜绿微囊藻细胞则可显著抑制Ma-B1的生长. 铜绿微囊藻与Ma-B1之间存在复杂的相互抑制或促进关系,共同影响着藻、菌在自然水体生态系统中的消长.      

3株溶藻细菌的分离鉴定及其溶藻效应

从武汉市的池塘分离到3株编号分别为M6,M8和M13的溶藻细菌,对这3株细菌的生理生化特性、溶藻专一性和溶藻原因进行了研究.结果表明:M6,M8和M13分别属于葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus sp.)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)和节杆菌属(Arthrobacter sp.);它们分别能溶解鲍氏织线藻、念珠藻、鱼腥藻、坑形席藻、铜绿微囊藻、鞘丝藻等多种蓝藻,并且它们的液体溶藻现象较固体溶藻现象明显;3株溶藻细菌培养液的过滤液仍有溶藻效应,说明溶藻原因可能是细菌释放某种化学物质所致.      

微生物传感器测定河豚毒素研究

以地衣芽孢杆菌、假单胞菌和枯草芽孢杆菌为识别元件,采用夹层法固定化微生物膜与氧电极组成毒性微生物传感器,实验了3种不同菌株生物传感器对河豚毒素的响应能力,得出对河豚毒素敏感的微生物菌株为地衣芽孢杆菌.实验得出地衣芽孢杆菌传感器最佳工作条件为pH=7.76,温度35℃,底物GGA质量浓度为21.5 mg/L.在此条件下传感器对河豚毒素响应的标准曲线y=0.0025x+0.0122,线性范围为10～100 μg/mL,相关系数0.9776.     

不同pH下纳米铁镍颗粒对生物降解苯酚的影响

研究不同pH(8.0、6.0和3.0)下金属纳米颗粒(Fe和Fe/Ni)对纺锤芽孢杆菌(BFN)降解苯酚的影响.实验结果发现pH在8.0和6.0时投加2种金属纳米颗粒(Fe和Fe/Ni)对BFN降解苯酚有促进作用,其原因主要是纳米颗粒在水中持续腐蚀产生H2,为BFN降解苯酚提供电子,促进BFN的生长.但在pH=3.0时,只有BFN-纳米Fe耦合体系才使苯酚得到部分降解,主要是因为纳米Fe颗粒与水反应产生OH-,使pH值有所升高,更适宜BFN的生长,同时提供电子供体H2促进BFN对苯酚的利用.扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱分析(EDS)数据证实金属纳米颗粒(Fe和Fe/Ni)在反应后附着在微生物表面,但微生物的表面形态并未发生显著改变.因此,纳米金属颗粒虽然通过附着影响微生物的活性,但其在腐蚀过程中产生的H2将作为电子供体而被BFN所利用,综合作用的结果是有利于BFN的生长进而提高苯酚的降解速率.     

Iron and lead ion adsorption by microbial flocculants in synthetic wastewater and their related carbonate formation

Although microbial treatments of heavy metal ions in wastewater have been studied, the removal of these metals through incorporation into carbonate minerals has rarely been reported. To investigate the removal of Fe^3＋ and Pb^2＋, two representative metals in wastewater, through the precipitation of carbonate minerals by a microbial flocculant （MBF） produced by Bacillus mucilaginosus. MBF was added to synthetic wastewater containing different Fe^3＋ and Pb^2＋ concentrations, and the extent of flocculation was analyzed. CO2 was bubbled into the mixture of MBF and Fe^3＋/Pb^2＋ to initiate the reaction. The solid substrates were analyzed via X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results showed that the removal efficiency decreased and the MBF adsorption capacity for metals increased with increasing heavy metal concentration. In the system containing MBF, metals （Fe^3＋ and Pb^2＋）, and CO2, the concentrated metals adsorbed onto the MBF combined with the dissolved CO2, resulting in oversaturation of metal carbonate minerals to form iron carbonate and lead carbonates. These results may be used in designing a method in which microbes can be utilized to combine CO2 with wastewater heavy metals to form carbonates, with the aim of mitigating environmental problems.