烟气黑度多媒体联网监测系统

系统实现了64个预置点的烟气排放林格曼指数自动监测功能，系统可以工作在手动模式和自动扫描模式。每一个预置点都有3个参考区域，通过扣除背景有效地降低了误报概率，对于超标数据采取本地数据库和远程数据库同时存储的方法，远程数据库提供了基于局域网上的分级查询和统计，超标图像存储采用JPEG图像格式和自定义的无损压缩格式。     

Encouraging pro-environmental behaviour: An integrative review and research agenda

Environmental quality strongly depends on human behaviour patterns. We review the contribution and the potential of environmental psychology for understanding and promoting pro-environmental behaviour. A general framework is proposed, comprising: (1) identification of the behaviour to be changed, (2) examination of the main factors underlying this behaviour, (3) design and application of interventions to change behaviour to reduce environmental impact, and (4) evaluation of the effects of interventions. We discuss how environmental psychologists empirically studied these four topics, identify apparent shortcomings so far, and indicate major issues for future research.     

Developing Rapid Methods for Analyzing Upland Riparian Functions and Values

Regulators protecting riparian areas need to understand the integrity, health, beneficial uses, functions, and values of this resource. Up to now most methods providing information about riparian areas are based on analyzing condition or integrity. These methods, however, provide little information about functions and values. Different methods are needed that specifically address this aspect of riparian areas. In addition to information on functions and values, regulators have very specific needs that include: an analysis at the site scale, low cost, usability, and inclusion of policy interpretations. To meet these needs a rapid method has been developed that uses a multi-criteria decision matrix to categorize riparian areas in Washington State, USA. Indicators are used to identify the potential of the site to provide a function, the potential of the landscape to support the function, and the value the function provides to society. To meet legal needs fixed boundaries for assessment units are established based on geomorphology, the distance from “Ordinary High Water Mark” and different categories of land uses. Assessment units are first classified based on ecoregions, geomorphic characteristics, and land uses. This simplifies the data that need to be collected at a site, but it requires developing and calibrating a separate model for each “class.” The approach to developing methods is adaptable to other locations as its basic structure is not dependent on local conditions.     

Relationships between value orientations, self-determined motivational types and pro-environmental behavioural intentions

We examined the predictive power of egoistic, altruistic and biospheric value orientations and six types of self-determined motivations (i.e. intrinsic motivation, integrated regulation, identified regulation, introjected regulation, external regulation, and amotivation) toward acting pro-environmentally for explaining two types of pro-environmental intentions in two questionnaire studies among student samples (N = 304 and N = 520). The two pro-environmental intentional measures included choosing a car based on environmental performance and donating to an environmental organisation. Values were more predictive of pro-environmental intentions than were self-determined motivational types, although these differences were not always statistically significant. Furthermore, we explored how value orientations are related to self-determined motivational types. The more respondents were altruistically and biospherically oriented, the more they were self-determined to act pro-environmentally. When respondents endorsed egoistic values, they were less self-determined towards acting in a pro-environmental way. When altruistic and especially biospheric values were important predictors of pro-environmental intentions, stronger types of self-determined motivations were also important to explain intentions. And, when egoistic values contributed uniquely to the explanation of pro-environmental intentions, amotivation and external regulation (i.e. less self-determined motivational types) were most relevant for explaining intentions.     

An improved method for Kr analysis by liquid scintillation counting and its application to atmospheric Kr determination

Atmospheric ⁸⁵Kr concentration at Fukuoka, Japan was determined by an improved ⁸⁵Kr analytical method using liquid scintillation counting (LSC). An average value of 1.54 ± 0.05 Bq m⁻³ was observed in 2008, which is about two times that measured in 1981 at Fukuoka, indicating a 29 mBq y⁻¹ rate of increase as an average for these 27 years. The analytical method developed involves collecting Kr from air using activated charcoal at liquid N₂ temperature and purifying it using He at dry ice temperature, followed by Kr separation by gas chromatography. An overall Kr recovery of 76.4 ± 8.1% was achieved when Kr was analyzed in 500-1000 l of air. The Kr isolated by gas chromatography was collected on silica gel in a quartz glass vial cooled to liquid N₂ temperature and the activity of ⁸⁵Kr was measured with a low-background LS counter. The detection limit of ⁸⁵Kr activity by the present analytical method is 0.0015 Bq at a 95% confidence level, including all propagation errors, which is equivalent with ⁸⁵Kr in 1.3 l of the present air under the analytical conditions of 72.1% counting efficiency, 0.1597 cps background count rate, and 76.4% Kr recovery.     

Arsenic Background Concentrations in Florida,U.S.A. Surface Soils: Determination and Interpretation

Background concentrations of soil arsenic have been used as an alternative soil cleanup criterion in many states in the U.S. This research addresses issues related to the interpretation of background concentrations of arsenic in near pristine soils in Florida. Total arsenic was measured in 448 taxonomic and geographic representative surface soil samples using USEPA Method 3052 (HCl-HNO 3 -HF, microwave digestion) and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry analysis procedure. Values were log-normally distributed, with geometric mean and baseline concentration (defined as 95% of the expected range of background concentrations) providing the most satisfactory statistical results. An upper baseline concentration of 6.21 mg As/kg was estimated for undisturbed soils (n=267) compared to 7.63 mg As/kg for disturbed soils (n=181). Temporal trend of total soil arsenic concentrations from 1967 to 1989 paralleled decreased usage of arsenic in U.S. agriculture. Soil arsenic background concentrations were generally higher in south Florida than in north and central Florida, and associated with wet soils. Individual high arsenic sites were scattered throughout the state, but the most highly concentrated of these occurred in the Leon-Lee belt along the Ocala uplift district extending to the southwestern flatwoods district. Extrapolation of the data using a single arsenic value regardless of the taxonomic and geographical differences in soil arsenic distribution would underestimate potential arsenic contamination in upland soils.     

Statistical Issues in Assessing Anthropogenic Background for Arsenic

Conceptual and statistical issues surrounding the estimation of a background concentration distribution for arsenic are reviewed. How background area is defined and samples collected are shown to impact the shape and location of the probability density function that in turn affects the estimation and precision of associated distributional parameters. The overall background concentration distribution is conceptualized as a mixture of a natural background distribution, an anthropogenic background distribution and a distribution designed to accommodate the potential for contamination site samples being included into the background sample set. This concept is extended to a discussion of issues surrounding estimation of natural and anthropogenic background distributions for larger geographic areas. Finally, the mixture model is formally defined and statistical approaches to estimating its parameters discussed.     

Background and anthropogenic radionuclide derived dose rates to freshwater ecosystem: nuclear power plant cooling pond: reference organisms

The radiological assessment of non-human biota to demonstrate protection is now accepted by a number of international and national bodies. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a scientific basis to assess and evaluate exposure of biota to ionizing radiation. Radionuclides from the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant (Lithuania) were discharged into Lake Druksiai cooling pond. Additional radionuclide migration and recharge to this lake from a hypothetical near-surface, low-level radioactive waste disposal, to be situated 1.5 km from the lake, had been simulated using RESRAD-OFFSITE code. This paper uses ERICA Integrated Approach with associated tools and databases to compare the radiological dose to freshwater reference organisms. Based on these data, it can be concluded that background dose rates to non-human biota in Lake Druksiai far exceed those attributable to anthropogenic radionuclides. With respect the fishery and corresponding annual committed effective human dose as a result of this fish consumption Lake Druksiai continues to be a high-productivity water body with intensive angling and possible commercial fishing.     

Values and floodplain management: Case studies from the Red River Basin,Canada

Where floods are prevalent, decisions on how to mitigate vulnerability are made within a social-cultural context that includes values (and related customs, norms, beliefs, technology) of local people, which have evolved through interactions with the physical environment. Consequently, the success of floodplain management and flood mitigation activities is determined, at least in part, by the nature of values that impact the decision-making process. This paper explores this contention by considering the community values context surrounding flood risk management in two small Canadian communities in the Red River Basin.

Using a qualitative methodology that includes semi-structured interviews with residents, community values are identified and accounted for in the context of flood vulnerability. Values discussions are organized around seven broad categories: community identity and community attributes; community economic development; technical and nonstructural approaches; civic engagement; flood legacy; personal rights and liberties; and shared values. Challenges posed by key identified values and their policy implications are considered. Some values are found to act as constraints if sustainable floodplain management practices are to be realized.