Challenges and Opportunities in Implementing Managed Relocation for Conservation of Freshwater Species

Abstract: The rapidity of climate change is predicted to exceed the ability of many species to adapt or to disperse to more climatically favorable surroundings. Conservation of these species may require managed relocation (also called assisted migration or assisted colonization) of individuals to locations where the probability of their future persistence may be higher. The history of non‐native species throughout the world suggests managed relocation may not be applicable universally. Given the constrained existence of freshwater organisms within highly dendritic networks containing isolated ponds, lakes, and rivers, managed relocation may represent a useful conservation strategy. Yet, these same distinctive properties of freshwater ecosystems may increase the probability of unintended ecological consequences. We explored whether managed relocation is an ecologically sound conservation strategy for freshwater systems and provided guidelines for identifying candidates and localities for managed relocation. A comparison of ecological and life‐history traits of freshwater animals associated with high probabilities of extirpation and invasion suggests that it is possible to select species for managed relocation to minimize the likelihood of unintended effects to recipient ecosystems. We recommend that translocations occur within the species’ historical range and optimally within the same major river basin and that lacustrine and riverine species be translocated to physically isolated seepage lakes and upstream of natural or artificial barriers, respectively, to lower the risk of secondary spread across the landscape. We provide five core recommendations to enhance the scientific basis of guidelines for managed relocation in freshwater environments: adopt the term managed translocation to reflect the fact that individuals will not always be reintroduced within their historical native range; examine the trade‐off between facilitation of individual movement and the probability of range expansion of non‐native species; determine which species and locations might be immediately considered for managed translocation; adopt a hypothetico‐deductive framework by conducting experimental trials to introduce species of conservation concern into new areas within their historical range; build on previous research associated with species reintroductions through communication and synthesis of case studies.     

Considering extinction of dependent species during translocation, ex situ conservation, and assisted migration of threatened hosts

Translocation, introduction, reintroduction, and assisted migrations are species conservation strategies that are attracting increasing attention, especially in the face of climate change. However, preventing the extinction of the suite of dependent species whose host species are threatened is seldom considered, and the effects on dependent species of moving threatened hosts are unclear. There is no published guidance on how to decide whether to move species, given this uncertainty. We examined the dependent-host system of 4 disparate taxonomic groups: insects on the feather-leaf banksia (Banksia brownii), montane banksia (B. montana), and Stirling Range beard heath (Leucopogon gnaphalioides); parasites of wild cats; mites and ticks on Duvaucel's gecko (Hoplodactylus duvaucelii) and tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus); and internal coccidian parasites of Cirl Bunting (Emberiza cirlus) and Hihi (Notiomystis cincta). We used these case studies to demonstrate a simple process for use in species- and community-level assessments of efforts to conserve dependents with their hosts. The insects dependent on Stirling Range beard heath and parasites on tigers (Panthera tigris) appeared to represent assemblages that would not be conserved by ex situ host conservation. In contrast, for the cases of dependent species we examined involving a single dependent species (internal parasites of birds and the mite Geckobia naultina on Duvaucel's gecko), ex situ conservation of the host species would also conserve the dependent species. However, moving dependent species with their hosts may be insufficient to maintain viable populations of the dependent species, and additional conservation strategies such as supplementing populations may be needed.     

不同磷浓度下水稻短根突变体与野生型对五价砷吸收和转运的差异

为研究水稻根形态及磷营养状况对水稻吸收和转运五价砷的调控作用,采用水培的方法,研究了在不同外部磷浓度(0、10、50、150、300μM KH2PO4)下水稻(Oryza sativa L.)短根突变体与野生型短期内对五价砷(10μM Na3AsO4)吸收和转运的差异.结果表明,水稻根形态(短根突变体与野生型)和磷营养状况均能对水稻吸收和转运五价砷产生显著影响:1)磷能竞争性抑制水稻对五价砷的吸收,随营养液中磷浓度的增加,水稻地上部和地下部五价砷含量、单位根干重砷吸收量(根系砷吸收能力)均显著降低;2)水稻短根突变体对五价砷的吸收能力低于野生型,但转运能力高于野生型.     

外源植物激素喷施对三叶鬼针草修复镉污染土壤的影响

为了探究外源植物激素喷施对超积累植物吸收重金属的影响,以三叶鬼针草（Bidens pilosa L.）为供试植物,通过叶面喷施3种不同浓度的6-苄基腺嘌呤（6-BA）、水杨酸（SA）和24-表油菜素甾醇（24-EBR）,研究外源植物激素喷施对三叶鬼针草修复镉（Cd）污染的影响.结果表明,分别喷施适宜浓度的3种外源植物激素：①高效强化三叶鬼针草修复Cd污染土壤效果,使植株叶部Cd含量分别增加4.21%、31.79%和14.89%,使转运系数（TF）分别提高9.67%、18.83%和17.85%,使植株提取效率（PR）分别提高15.36%、32.33%和64.38%;②显著促进三叶鬼针草的生长,使植株地上部干重分别增加了37.53%、74.50%和104.02%;③显著增强三叶鬼针草的光合作用,使植株叶绿素a含量分别提高了79.31%、92.27%和51.12%,此时光化学猝灭系数（qP）分别提高11.32%、89.16%和78.43%,非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）分别提高51.71%、241.12%和27.85%;④显著强化三叶鬼针草抗氧化能力,使得植株丙二醛（MDA）浓度分别降低了62.41%、68.67%和46.76%,使超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性分别提高了68.33%、10.28%和6.17%,过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性分别提高了31.43%、37.87%和37.31%.综上所述,Cd胁迫下喷施适宜浓度的外源6-BA、SA和24-EBR可显著提高三叶鬼针草生物量,促进重金属在植株体内富集;提升植株光合作用能力,降低重金属胁迫对植株的氧化损伤,增强抗氧化能力,提高植株对于Cd的吸收和耐受性;促进植株根部Cd向地上部转移,提高植株对重金属Cd的提取效率,高效强化植株修复效果,其中以30 mg ·L^-1 SA叶面喷施效果最佳.     

Relationship between heavy metal concentrations of herbaceous plants and soils at four Pb-Zn mining sites in Yunnan, China

This paper studied the relationship between heavy metal concentrations of herbaceous plants and soils at four Pb-Zn mining sites in Yunnan, China. 50 herbaceous plant samples of 9 plant species from 4 families and 50 soil samples were collected and then ana1yzed for the tota1 concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn. The results showed that the average concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in soil samples were 3772.83, 168.81, and 5385.65 mg/kg, respectively. The average concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn were 395.68, 28.14, and 1664.20 mg/kg in the shoots, and 924.12, 57.25, and 1778.75 mg/kg in the roots, respectively. Heterospecific plants at the same site and conspecific plants at various sites had different average levels of Pb, Cd, and Zn, both in the shoots and the roots. Enrichment coefficients of Pb, Cd, and Zn were greater than 1 in 2, 3, and 9 herbaceous plant samples, respectively. Translocation factors of Pb, Cd, and Zn were greater than 1 in 10, 17, and 25 herbaceous plant samples, respectively. In all 50 samples, the concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn between the shoots and the roots, the shoots, and the soils, and the roots and the soils had significant positive relationships.     

不同寄主植物上烟蚜的染色体组型研究

对采自桃树、油菜和烟草上的烟蚜的核型研究表明：在红、黄绿两种体色的烟蚜中发现５种核型,即２ｎ＝１２,正常;２ｎ＝１２,Ａ１与Ａ３易位;２ｎ＝１１;２ｎ＝１３;３ｎ＝１８,Ａ１与Ａ３易位。同时,在核型为２ｎ＝２３的烟蚜中,体色为红色的个体全为Ａ１与Ａ３易位个体,体色为绿色的个体中既有Ａ１与Ａ３易位个体,又有正常个体。寄主植物不同的烟蚜的各条染色体相对长度在２ｎ＝１２核型中差异不显著（α＝０．０５）。     

水稻秸秆炭及组合改良剂对石漠化地区土壤-玉米系统中重金属迁移特征影响

化学固定是重金属污染土壤修复及改良技术之一。通过盆栽实验,研究了水稻秸秆炭及其与石灰、磷酸盐组合改良剂对石漠化土壤-玉米体系中As、Zn和Pb 3种重金属迁移的影响,分析了玉米及土壤重金属含量、形态变化。结果表明,几种改良剂均显著促进了玉米生长,地上部分生物量：水稻秸秆炭 > 石灰+水稻秸秆炭 > 石灰 > 秸秆 > 磷酸盐+水稻秸秆炭 > 磷酸盐 > 对照。水稻秸秆炭、石灰及其组合均能够提高土壤pH值,抑制重金属向玉米地上部分迁移。添加改良剂后土壤中As的弱酸提取态和可还原态含量显著降低,均小于3 mg·kg-1。水稻秸秆炭、秸秆与石灰及其组合均能够降低土壤中重金属提取态和还原态量,能够降低玉米籽粒中重金属的含量,但玉米籽实中Pb依然超标。     

无机砷在植物和微生物体内的代谢机制研究进展

砷污染是全球的热点问题之一.土壤中的无机砷在植物中的积累可通过食物链传递,从而对人体健康构成严重威胁.了解微生物和植物对无机砷的代谢机制,对认识和控制土壤中砷的风险至关重要.近年来,微生物对无机砷的代谢机制研究已经比较深入,但是仍有一些问题亟待解决,如信号传导、抗砷基因筛选等.在植物对无机砷的摄取、还原机制等方面也取得了一定进展,但是植物体内砷的转运机制、排出机制等仍有待进一步研究.论文综述了微生物、植物体内无机砷的代谢过程中,砷摄取、转运、还原和排出机制的最新进展,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望.     

Remediation rates and translocation of heavy metals from contaminated soil through Parthenium hysterophorus

The potential translocation of heavy metals by Parthenium hysterophorus over 30 and 90 days and its effect on biomass, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic activity were studied on 0, 10, 25, 50 and 100% fly-ash-amended soil (FAS). The results showed a decrease in chlorophyll content and photosynthetic area on exposure to 50–100% FAS. Heavy metal reduction was in the order Pb>Cd>Zn>Fe>according to accumulation trends. The plant exhibited good biomass growth on exposure to 25–50% FAS, but this decreased at>100% FAS. Heavy metal concentrations in P. hysterophorus after 90 days of the experiment were in the order Fe>Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd>Ni. Parthenium hysterophorus was suitable for translocating Fe, Zn and Cu based on translocation factors (TF=1.5, 1.3 and 1.05), but was more efficient for Pb, Ni and Cd (TF=8.5, 4.3 and 3.3). Plant uptake of Pb, Ni and Cd was high, whereas translocation of Fe, Zn and Cu was poor. These results indicated that P. hysterophorus can efficiently reduce heavy metal pollution in soil.     

A case of mosaicism involving an unstable 13/14 Robertsonian translocation

Prenatal diagnosis of mosaicism involving an apparently unstable 13/14 Robertsonian trans-location is reported. This illustrates the difficulties encountered in counselling when mosaicism is ascertained prenatally. Other reported examples of apparently unstable Robertsonian translocations are discussed.