贵阳市黔灵山泉水中26种元素的分析和评价

为考察饮用贵阳市黔灵山泉水是否对人体有益,使用ICP-MS(电感耦合等离子体质谱)对泉水中锂、铍、硼、铝、钛、钒、铬、锰、铁、钴、镍、铜、锌、镓、砷、硒、锶、钼、银、镉、锑、铯、钡、铊、铅和铀26种元素的含量进行了分析,并取自来水和市售瓶装水进行对比。结果表明:黔灵山泉水中元素含量符合国家对饮用水的要求,但其所提供的人体所需微量元素的含量与自来水和瓶装水相比并无明显优势。由于泉水不属于常规水源未对其进行日常监管,如果将黔灵山泉水作为饮用水源无明显益处,并存在一定风险。     

Significant contribution of spring northwest transport to volatile organic compounds in Beijing

High values of ozone (O₃) occur frequently in the dry spring season; thus, understanding the evolution characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in spring is of great significance for preventing O₃ pollution. In this study, a total of 101 VOCs from April 16 to May 21, 2019, were quantified using an online gas chromatography mass spectrometer/flame ionization detector (GCMS/FID). The results indicated that the observed concentration of total VOCs (TVOCs) was 30.4 ± 17.0 ppbv, and it was dominated by alkanes (44.3%), followed by oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) (17.4%), halocarbons (12.7%), aromatics (9.5%), alkenes (8.2%), acetylene (5.3%) and carbon disulfide (2.5%). The average mixing ratio of VOCs showed obvious diurnal variation (high at night, low during daytime). We conducted a source apportionment study based on 32 major VOCs using positive matrix factorization (PMF), and coal + biomass burning (25.2%), diesel exhaust (16.0%), gasoline exhaust + evaporation (17.4%), secondary + long-lived species (16.7%), biogenic sources (4.3%), industrial emissions (9.3%) and solvent use (11.2%) were identified as major sources of VOCs. In addition to local emissions, most of the atmospheric VOCs were derived from long-distance air masses (65.7%), and the average mixing ratio of VOCs in the northwest direction was 29.4 ppbv. Combined with the results of the potential source contribution function (PSCF) indicate that research should focus on the local emissions of combustion, transportation sources and solvents usage to control atmospheric VOCs. Additionally, transmission of the northwest air mass is an important component that cannot be ignored during spring in Beijing.     

白马泉风景区夏季大气PM2.5中二次有机物的初步研究

实验选择2010年7月于雅安市白马泉风景区常绿阔叶林内采集PM2.5样本,并对样本进行甲醇提取、三甲硅醚衍生化及GC/MS分析,探讨研究区域内气溶胶中异戊二烯氧化产物、α-/β-蒎烯氧化产物、小分子羧酸(苹果酸、2-羟基戊二酸)的浓度与昼夜变化趋势,并结合大气污染气体(SO2、NOx、O3)和环境气候条件(风速、温度、湿度等)对其浓度的影响进行讨论.结果表明,24 h PM2.5样本中,2-甲基丁四醇、异丁烯三醇、2-甲基甘油酸的浓度分别为63.3、45.0、4.4 ng.m-3;降蒎酸、3-羟基戊二酸、3-羟基-1,2,3-丁三酸的浓度分别为4.1、5.0、5.3 ng.m-3.除降蒎酸外,此次研究的其他二次有机气溶胶组分均呈现昼高夜低.白马泉风景区聚集了较高浓度的天然源二次有机物与当地亚热带繁茂的植被、湿热气候、沟谷型地貌及大气污染状况等诸多环境因素有关.     

息烽温泉生态旅游发展模式研究

温泉生态旅游是未来温泉旅游的发展方向。温泉生态旅游非常适合在温泉资源丰富而生态环境较脆弱的喀斯特地区开展。基于对贵州省息烽温泉资源开发利用现状的调查,对息烽温泉生态旅游的发展思路、开发模式和运行机制进行了初步研究,希望能为该区域发展温泉生态旅游提供决策参考。     

春节期间南京气溶胶质量浓度和化学组成特征

为研究春节期间燃放烟花爆竹对城市大气气溶胶质量浓度和化学组成分布特征的影响,对南京市2012年1月19~31日大气气溶胶质量浓度和水溶性离子及重金属等化学成分进行了观测.结果表明:烟花爆竹的大量集中燃放可使PM1.0的浓度以15.5μg/(m3·h)的速率增长;并使得能见度以1.625km/h的速率急剧下降.质量浓度谱和水溶性离子谱在燃放期均为三峰型分布,在非燃放期为双峰型分布.燃放期PM2.1和PM1.1中的K+、SO42-、NO3-、Cl-和Mg2+所占的比例比非燃放期升高了16%~38%,其他离子浓度变化不大.对于0.2~2.0μm的气溶胶,春节期间硝酸盐、含锌和含铜颗粒主要来自烟花爆竹燃放,含钾颗粒部分来自烟花爆竹燃放,含铅颗粒来自工业排放,烟花爆竹的燃放基本不产生硫酸盐颗粒.     

嘉兴市春节期间烟花爆竹燃放对大气污染物分布特征的影响

为研究春节期间烟花爆竹的燃放对嘉兴市空气质量的影响,利用2015年春节期间嘉兴市3个监测站点的常规污染物(PM10、PM2.5、SO_2、NO_2、CO)和南湖区残联站的有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)数据,分析了烟花爆竹对嘉兴市不同功能区和不同空气质量条件下大气污染物的污染特征的影响.结果表明:春节烟花爆竹燃放显著影响PM10和PM2.5的浓度,残联站、清河小学和北部站在23日00∶00达最高值,PM10浓度分别为190、263和147μg·m~(-3),是非春节期间的2.2、2.8和2.1倍,PM2.5浓度分别高达156、158和78μg·m~(-3),是非春节期间的2.6、2.2和2.2倍.烟花爆竹燃放对污染气体的影响存在差异,对CO和SO_2的浓度影响较大,对NO_2和O_3的浓度影响较小.烟花爆竹燃放对嘉兴市老城区大气污染物的影响最大,其次是新城区,对工业区影响最小.污染源减排对大气污染物的影响比较大,2013—2015年嘉兴市春节期间大气污染物浓度(PM10、PM2.5、SO_2、NO_2、CO)整体要低于非春节期间,平均降幅在6.8%~46.1%之间.二次生成物O_3在春节期间的浓度均要高于非春节期间,增幅为20.1%~22.1%.不同空气质量条件下烟花爆竹的燃放对大气污染物的影响不同.     

Prenatal diagnosis of Hb H disease due to compound heterozygosity for South-East Asian deletion and Hb constant spring by polymerase chain reaction

A pregnant woman has two children affected by moderately severe Hb H disease due to compound heterozygosity of South-east Asian deletion and Constant Spring mutation. In her third pregnancy, transabdominal chorionic villus sampling was performed at the tenth gestational week to obtain fetal DNA. The polymerase chain reaction was used for detection of both the South-east Asian deletion and the Constant Spring mutation. Hb H disease was diagnosed in the fetus. After genetic counselling, the couple elected to have the pregnancy terminated.     

Towards carrying capacity assessment for aquaculture in the Bolinao Bay, Philippines: A numerical study of tidal circulation

The increase in intensive aquaculture production in the Bolinao Bay, Philippines reached the point of harmful influence to production stock. Up to the present, there has been no estimation of aquaculture carrying capacity which is based on quantification of processes responsible for (a) water quality inside the units, (b) impact to the seabed and (c) water quality in the whole Bolinao Bay. The numerical estimation of tidal circulation, which is the most dominant part of the hydrodynamical regime in the Bolinao Bay, represents an unavoidable step in the carrying capacity determination considering points (a), (b) and (c). The hydrodynamical model we apply is a free surface, 3D finite element tidal model, forced with sea elevation dynamics at three open boundaries. It incorporates an increase in bottom stress drag coefficients in the coral areas and advanced transport corrected advection scheme. The model simulations of water flow show good agreement with measured currents in the central part of the Bolinao Bay, southern and northeastern channel, while agreement in the areas in vicinity of northern channel is not as tight. In order to provide an insight into the water exchange in aquaculture units, to support local water quality models and seabed deposition models (points (a) and (b)), the area is mapped with neap tide mean, spring tide mean and 14-day mean current velocity contours. The highest 14-day mean velocities are attained in the southern channel (>17 cm s⁻¹), while the mean velocities characteristic for northern part (<6 cm s⁻¹) and shallow areas of coral reefs (<2 cm s⁻¹) are much lower. Area-mean difference between spring tide and 14-day mean velocities is estimated to be 18.32% (std=7.31%), while difference between neap tide and 14-day mean velocities is 17.62 % (std=11.19%). To support global basin-wide water quality models (point (c)), retention of water in the bay is estimated by Lagrangian and Eulerian calculation procedure of mean residence time field. Both calculations estimate the highest (no-wind) residence times (Lan: 25.4 days, Eul: 21.03 days) in the central northern part, but most of the area (Lan: 73.11%, Eul: 79.31%) is characterized by residence time values significantly lower than 15 days. The results are readily applicable for upcoming implementation in the models of local (aquaculture units, seabed) and basin-wide (Bolinao Bay) nutrient dynamics, primary and secondary production, organic matter decomposition and oxygen dynamics.     

表层岩溶带生态系统的水文地球化学效应——以弄拉兰电堂泉域为例

表层岩溶带及其植被、土壤构成特殊的岩溶生态系统。本文系统分析了兰电堂泉域的植物和土壤微生物群落特征、土壤理化性质及水样理化性质,结果表明:从大气降雨、穿透雨,树干径流,土壤水到岩溶泉水的水文过程中,电导率、暂时硬度、总碳量不断增加,不同阶段各阴、阳离子的吸附和淋溶存在差异,对大部分离子,植被层和浅层土壤有较强淋溶作用,深层土壤吸附作用较强。表层岩溶带水文过程是碳循环的重要途径之一,植被层是有机碳的重要来源,土壤层是无机碳、有机碳和HCO3-转化的重要化学场,植物-土壤系统主导了碳的转化和转移,影响表层岩溶动力系统。随植物群落正向演替的进行,表层岩溶生态系统趋于稳定,能有效调控水文地球化学性质变化。     

春节烟花爆竹燃放期间苏州市区PM2.5中水溶性离子特征分析

使用在线离子色谱分析了苏州市区春节期间PM2.5中水溶性离子.结果表明：春节期间存在2个空气污染高峰时段（初一和初五）,其中初一凌晨PM2.5达到最高峰,小时质量浓度为571μg/m3;烟花爆竹集中燃放时段,PM2.5中K＋、Cl-、Mg2＋质量浓度明显上升,初-凌晨与腊月三十凌晨相比,K＋、Cl-、Mg2＋质量浓度分别增加了117倍、80.7倍、18.0倍;相关性分析表明,PM2.5中K＋、Mg2＋、Na＋、Ca2＋在烟花爆竹燃放时段可能具有相同的来源.