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41.
S. A. CLAY Z. LIU R. THALER H. KENNOUCHE 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(6):841-850
The objectives of this study were to assess sorption and desorption of tylosin, a macrolide antimicrobial chemical used in swine, cattle, and poultry production, in three silty clay loam soils of South Dakota and compare soil sorption to sand and manure sorption. The silty clay loam soils, from a toposequence in eastern South Dakota, standardized sand samples, and swine manure were used in 24-h batch sorption studies with tylosin concentrations ranging from 25 to 232 μ mole/L. Desorption from soil was conducted over a four-day period. Partition coefficients, based on the Freundlich isotherm (K f ) or K d values, were calculated. K f values for the silty clay loams were similar, not influenced by landscape position, and averaged 1350 with isotherm slopes ranging from 0.85 to 0.93. K f values for sand were dependent on solution/sand ratios and pH, ranging from 1.4 to 25.1. K d values of manure were dependent on the solution type and ranged from 840 L/kg with urine to about 175 L/kg when sorbed from water. Desorption of tylosin from each soil over the four-day period was < 0.2% of the amount added. The soils' high K f values and low desorption amounts suggest that once tylosin is in these soils, leaching to lower depths may not occur. However, this does not preclude runoff with soil eroded particles. If tylosin reaches a sand aquifer, through bypass flow or other mechanism(s), movement in the aquifer most likely would occur. 相似文献
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就隔油调节罐设置的目的、容积的确定、设置的位置、收油设施的设计、污油的加热排泥、排油的操作控制、消防措施及污油的输送等问题阐述了自己的看法。 相似文献
45.
The present paper deals with accidents risk in batch reactors. It identifies the conditions for the occurrence of a thermal runaway and develops a probabilistic approach to assess the relevant risk. It investigates also the conditions for optimal synthesis of peracetic acid (PAA) with hydrogen peroxide (HP) and acetic acid (AA). The kinetic model of reversible reaction and side reaction of PAA synthesis is used to predict reactor temperature and molar ratio of PAA by ASPEN PLUS software. A sensitivity analysis is performed under different conditions such as constant temperature or adiabatic process with different concentrations of sulfuric acid. Assuming a prior cooling system failure, the conditions for reaction runaway triggering a thermal accident are identified in the case of PAA synthesis. Monte Carlo simulations are used in order to calculate the conditional probability of accident and optimize the synthesis of PAA. 相似文献
46.
Joachim von Schéele 《International Journal of Green Energy》2013,10(2):139-148
There is a strong political will to decrease CO2 emissions. Although the steel industry only accounts for some 5% of worldwide CO2 emissions (which totalled 1,200 million tonnes per annum in the late 1990s), it will be strongly affected by this. The EU, for example, is putting up strong economic incentives for reductions. This is taking place at a time when demand for steel products is greater than ever. To radically change existing processes and production routes to decrease the CO2 emissions would be extremely expensive, even if it were possible. Nevertheless, many of the solutions which have been discussed seem to go in this direction. The other alternative discussed seems to be the creation of process solutions and alterations that lead to a focusing of CO2 streams, i.e., much higher CO2 concentrations in flue gases than today, for entrapment of the CO2 so that it is not discharged into the atmosphere. These solutions are feasible, but expensive. However, there exists today a number of solutions and technologies which, if fully implemented, could substantially decrease CO2 emissions without seriously altering current methods of operation; they are short-term viable solutions. The present paper reviews and discusses such technologies, throughout the steel production paths. If these solutions are fully implemented, the combined impact on CO2 emissions from the steel industry worldwide is estimated to be a reduction of 100–150 million tonnes of CO2 per annum, i.e., current emissions can be reduced by some 8–10% within a relatively short time span. 相似文献
47.
This paper presents a mathematical formulation for freshwater and wastewater minimisation in multipurpose batch plants. The minimisation of wastewater is achieved through the exploitation of recycle and reuse opportunities. A superstructure that entails all possible recycle and reuse possibilities is used as the basis for the formulation. The existence of an optimal production schedule, which provides starting and finishing times for water using operations, is assumed. The paper addresses the specific case where the contaminant concentration in the outlet water stream from each operation is maintained at its maximum. This condition allows the overall model to be cast as a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem for which global optimality is guaranteed. The effectiveness of the developed formulation is demonstrated through a published literature example and a practical case study. 相似文献
48.
Gabrielle Gaustad Preston Li Randolph Kirchain 《Resources, Conservation and Recycling》2007,52(2):180-207
Operational uncertainties create disincentives for use of recycled materials in metal alloy production. One that greatly influences remelter batch optimization is variation in the raw material composition, particularly for secondary materials. Currently, to accommodate compositional variation, firms commonly set production targets well inside the window of compositional specification required for performance reasons. Window narrowing, while effective, does not make use of statistical sampling data, leading to sub-optimal usage of recycled materials. This paper explores the use of a chance-constrained optimization method, which allows explicit consideration of statistical information on composition. The framework and a case study of cast and wrought production with available scrap materials are presented. Results show that it is possible to increase the use of recycled material without compromising the likelihood of batch errors, when using this method compared to conventional window narrowing. This benefit of the chance-constrained method grows with increase in compositional uncertainty and is driven by scrap portfolio diversification. 相似文献
49.
Sorption of metals onto natural organic matter as a function of complexation and adsorbent-adsorbate contact mode 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The effect of complexing anion and adsorbate-adsorbent contact mode (static equilibrium or dynamic non-equilibrium) on binding and partition of Cu(2+), Cd(2+) and Zn(2+) onto organic matter (exemplified in a low-moor peat) was studied. The study comprised comparative batch and column flow-through sorption experiments on monometallic solutions of Me-Cl and Me-SO(4) salts, at pH 4.0, and sequential fractionation of sorbed metals with respect to binding strength. Both the presence of an anion having complexing properties (Cl(-)) as well as a contact mode was found to quantitatively and qualitatively affect the sorption capacity and binding strength of organic matter (peat) for metal ions. Complexing effect of Cl(-) on metal ions resulted mostly in reduction of metal ability to form strongly bound metal-organic compounds, in accordance with the order of stability constant of complex ions log K: Cd>Zn>Cu. Flow-through (dynamic) contact mode, which is the most appropriate to simulate environmental conditions, appeared to strongly attenuate the complexing effect of chloride ions on Cd and Zn sorption, and significantly enhance sorption capacity also in the absence of complexing ions. For Cd, it was mainly due to the enrichment in the strongly bound "insoluble organic" fraction, while for Zn the quantitative increase of sorption capacity did not alter significantly its partitioning. Neither a quantitative nor qualitative effect of contact mode on Cu binding was observed. Complex and diverse effects of different environmental parameters on metal sorption capacity and binding strength onto organic matter, which strongly influence metal mobility, leads to the conclusion that the correct simulation of these parameters for ecotoxicological testing is crucial for the reliable predicting of metal bioavailability under actual terrestrial environmental conditions. 相似文献
50.
W.L. TanN.M. Nor M.Z. Abu Bakar Z. AhmadS.A. Sata 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2012,25(1):138-141
Batch process usually differs from the continuous process because of its time-varying variables and the process parameters. An early detection and isolation of faults in the process will help to reduce the process upsets and keep it safe and reliable. This paper discusses on the application of multi-layer perceptron neural network in detecting various faults in batch chemical reactor based on an esterification process that involves the reaction of ethanol and acetic acid catalyzed by sulfuric acid. A multi-layer feed forward neural network with double hidden layers has been used in the neural network architecture. The detection was based on the different patterns generated between normal and faulty conditions. An optimum network configuration was found when the network produced the minimal error with respect to the training, testing and data validation. 相似文献