缓释铜离子法去除海洋原甲藻赤潮生物的研究

赤潮灾害日趋严重 ,用硫酸铜去除赤潮是国际上仍在使用的最有效方法 .但直接使用硫酸铜易对渔业造成危害 .在研究高岭土、蒙脱土、硫酸铜和可溶玻璃粉去除赤潮藻的基础上 ,提出并研究了可溶玻璃载体缓释 Cu²⁺的方法去除赤潮藻 ,并对其凝聚和 Cu²⁺除藻模型进行了初步研究 .结果表明 ,可溶玻璃为载体的含铜除藻剂 TB对海洋原甲藻 (Prorocentrum micans)有明显的去除效果 ,可以极大地减少除藻剂的用量 .含铜越高 ,除藻能力越大 .当含 CuSO₄15%的 TB用量为 3.5mg/L时 ,藻细胞去除率在 12h内可达到 96.2%.由于其缓释 Cu²⁺的作用 ,能维持 7d时间藻细胞数目没有明显增加 .TB较硫酸铜减轻了投药过程中易造成局部 Cu²⁺浓度过高而伤害鱼类的缺点 .     

东方伊萨酵母YP-1对染料活性艳红K-2BP的脱色

利用含染料的选择性培养基从土壤中分离出一株对活性艳红K-2BP有明显脱色效果的酵母菌株YP-1,经鉴定为东方伊萨酵母Issatchenkia orientalis.结果表明,该酵母菌对￡400mg/L的活性艳红K-2BP有较好的脱色效果.对于活性艳红K-2BP起始浓度为100mg/L的培养基,该菌株可在12h达到99%以上的最大脱色率,其最佳接种量为10%(体积分数),最适pH值在3~9之间,氮源(NH4)2SO4的浓度30.02%,碳源葡萄糖的浓度30.2%.脱色机理研究结果表明,该酵母对活性艳红K-2BP的去除是先吸附后生物降解.此外,该菌株对初始浓度为200mg/L的偶氮染料活性黑KN-B的脱色率也可达99.5%.     

糖厂废弃物糖滤泥研制多孔陶瓷材料

对糖滤泥的性能进行分析和研究,设计加入黏土制备多孔陶瓷。结果表明:糖滤泥主要成分是碳酸钙,优化得出糖滤泥与黏土的比例1∶2,最佳温度1 000℃下烧结1.5 h,得到主晶相为莫来石、石英和钙长石,孔径尺寸为1~10μm,孔隙率为26.38%,吸水率为17.30%,机械强度为22~26 MPa的多孔陶瓷,该多孔陶瓷有希望用于废水的过滤和分离。     

水体中铊对泥鳅外周血红细胞的遗传毒性的时效性

铊(T1)是剧毒的重金属元素,会对生态环境和人体健康造成威胁.目前各国铊的环境安全标准存在差异.本文利用泥鳅红细胞微核技术,研究泥鳅Misgurnus anguillicaudatus红细胞微核率和核异常率与铊污染时间的关系,为该技术在铊毒理研究中的可行性和铊环境安全标准提供依据.结果表明:水体铊质量浓度为0.5μg·L~(-1)下,随处理时间的延长,泥鳅红细胞微核率、核异常率显著增加,并与时间呈显著的正相关,其中微核率、核异常率分别在处理24 h和48 h时达到最大值;随后两指标逐步下降,与时间呈显著的负相关.在此铊质量浓度和处理时间内,核异常率与微核率均显著高于空白无铊对照处理,表明水体铊质量浓度0.5 μg·L~(-1)对泥鳅血红细胞具有遗传毒性.     

模拟酸雨下自然红壤与污染红壤中Cd,Cu,Zn的释放特征

通过对2个自然红壤和2个污染红壤的模拟酸雨土柱淋溶试验,研究了酸雨作用下红壤中重金属Cd,Cu,Zn的释放特征与影响因素,比较了自然红壤与污染红壤重金属释放特征的差异,结果表明,自然红壤中Cd,Cu,Zn的释放量均随酸雨淋溶量增加而线性增加,累积释放量有Zn＞Cu＞Cd的规律,并且随酸雨酸度增加而增加,3种重金属释放量之间存在显著的线性关系,在污染红壤中,Cd的释放随着酸雨淋溶量的增加呈现对数型增长,Cu的释放模式仍为直线型增长,而Zn的释放在弱酸性酸雨作用下为直线型增长,在强酸性酸雨作用下则为对数型增长,3种重金属释放鼍之间存在非线性关系,污染红壤中重金属释放量顺序为Cd＞Zn＞＞Cu,大约26%-76%的外源Cd和11%-68%的外源Zn被酸雨淋溶释放,但99%以上的外源Cu被土壤吸附,同时,3种重金属累积释放量均与淋出液中H+离子累积量呈现显著的对数关系;Cd和Zn与TOC累积释放量之间呈现显著的对数关系,Cu与TOC呈现显著的乘幂关系,在酸雨作用下,自然红壤由于重金属释放最很小,出现重金属污染的可能性较小;但污染红壤中大量Cd和zn的释放可能导致土壤,水体系统发生重金属污染.     

土壤中残留毒死蜱的作物效应

应用盆栽实验和室内分析方法,研究了红壤中残留毒死蜱农药对小麦、油菜苗生长及其对农药吸收的影响.结果表明,红壤中残留毒死蜱初始浓度为1～10μg/g,20d后,小麦苗地上部吸收的浓度可达0.257～4.50μg/g,油菜苗地上部吸收浓度可达到0.249～2.02μg/g;红壤中残留毒死蜱浓度低于10μg/g,对小麦苗地上部鲜重没有显著影响,低于5μg/g,对油菜苗地上部鲜重没有显著影响;残留毒死蜱在油菜苗根际的降解比非根际快1.4～4.2倍;油菜苗根际土细菌、真菌数量分别是非根际土的3.18倍、1.84倍,而放线菌数量差异不大;根际土比非根际土pH值低约0.19～0.23.     

利用蚯蚓处理城市污水厂剩余污泥的初步试验研究

采用城市污水处理厂的剩余污泥（滤泥）和牛粪直接配置养殖蚯蚓的饲料,按照不同比例的配料分组进行了饲养蚯蚓的试验研究。在适宜的环境条件下,经过21 d培养,大平二号蚯蚓的最少增重为54％,最高增重达100％;平均产卵茧的数量为0．687个／条蚯蚓。研究结果表明,滤泥不需经过发酵即可用于养殖蚯蚓,牛粪与滤泥配置的比例为1∶1或0．3：0．7时,有利于蚯蚓的代谢和繁殖,并可确保蚯蚓养殖的安全。     

The effect of temperature on leaching and subsequent decomposition of dissolved carbon from inundated floodplain litter: implications for the generation of hypoxic blackwater in lowland floodplain rivers

Dissolved organic carbon export from floodplain litter during flood events is an important energy subsidy for lowland rivers. Temperature affects both the release and decomposition of dissolved organic carbon from floodplain plant litter. Unseasonally warm flood conditions have resulted in the release and consumption of carbon at a rate so rapid that water column oxygen has been depleted, causing the death of aquatic organisms upon exposure to this ‘hypoxic blackwater’. To date, there has not been a systematic investigation of the role of temperature on hypoxic blackwater dynamics. In a series of laboratory experiments, we investigated the temperature dependence of both leaching and decomposition of carbon from a common floodplain litter component in south-eastern Australia – the leaves of the river red gum Eucalyptus camaldulensis. The leaching rate increased with temperature and approximated Arrhenius kinetics. Additionally, the solubility of the leaf carbon increased substantially at temperatures above ～25°C. The rate of organic carbon respiration also increased with temperature, and the relationship with temperature was approximately linear. These data can be used to improve models for the prediction of hypoxic blackwater risk.     

磁性氧化石墨烯制备及去除水中刚果红的研究

采用Hummer方法制备了氧化石墨烯(GO),采用化学共沉淀法把铁氧化物纳米粒子覆盖在GO上制成磁性氧化石墨烯(MGO),并把MGO用作吸附剂去除水中阴离子染料刚果红.采用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、Zeta电位仪和磁强计对MGO进行了表征.研究了吸附动力学,吸附等温线及初始pH值,离子强度对吸附的影响.考察了MGO对自来水中刚果红的去除效果.结果表明,GO具有片状的二维纳米结构,表面有许多的褶皱;当pH3.5,吸附剂表面带负电荷,等电点为3.5;MGO的饱和磁化强度为31.2emu/g,足够从水溶液中分离出来.刚果红的吸附符合准二级动力学模型,且在吸附时间为7h内基本达到吸附平衡.在超纯水中最大吸附容量高达140.6mg/g,且吸附量随pH值升高先增加再降低,当pH4~5达到最大值.MGO对自来水中刚果红的最大吸附容量为287.6 mg/g,为在超纯水中的2倍,表明MGO对刚果红具有很好的去除效果.     

Monitoring toxicity of an azo dye methyl red and a heavy metal Cu,using plant and animal bioassays

Toxicities of an azo dye methyl red and a heavy metal copper (Cu) were quantified, using growth and mortality as end points, in four plant species and three animal species by subjecting them to short-term (4 days for animals, 10 days for plants) static bioassays. Lemna aequinoctialis Welwitch (EC₅₀: 7–16 ppm) was found to be the most sensitive species for methyl red, Ceratophyllum demersum L. (EC₅₀: 25 ppm) and Lactuca sativa L. (EC₅₀: 56 ppm) were intermediate, while Oryza sativa L. shows reduction in seedling vigor (9–27%) of <50%, being the least sensitive amongst the tested plant species. Methyl red toxicity is almost 3–5-fold higher in growing medium (pH = 5.8–6.0), even at high nutrient levels, while Cu toxicity is higher in nutrient-poor alkaline medium at alkaline pH (8.3–8.7; EC₅₀: Ceratophyllum = 104–200 ppb; Lemna = 100–170 ppb) compared to nutrient-rich acidic medium (pH = 5.4–5.7; EC₅₀: Ceratophyllum = 2600–3175 ppb; Lemna = 4350–4715 ppb). Rice tolerance (EC₅₀: 6500 ppb) was found to be higher than hydrophytes while lettuce was most tolerant to Cu. Fish sensitivity toward the test chemicals was almost parallel to Ceratophyllum and Lemna [Gambusia affinis Baird and Gerard (LC₅₀: 250 ppb for Cu) and Poecilia reticulata Peters (LC₅₀: 24 ppm for methyl red)]. Similar to the plants, dye toxicity increased markedly (LC₅₀: 7 ppm) in the acidic medium (pH = 6.0). Amongst the tested organisms, Daphnia was found to be most sensitive to methyl red (EC₅₀: 6 ppm) while its sensitivity to Cu (EC₅₀: 230 ppb) was similar to hydrophytes and fish. Initially, the combination of dye and Cu (at their sublethal concentrations) had additive effects in duckweed, while dye concentration ruled afterward. These results indicate that hydrophytes and animals are equally sensitive toward the test chemicals. Dye toxicity in hydrophytes and fish was pH dependent, while in the case of Cu, it is related to the nutrient status of the growth medium of plants.