A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Seminatural Wetlands and Activated Sludge Wastewater-Treatment Systems

A cost-effectiveness analysis was performed to evaluate the competitiveness of seminatural Free Water Surface (FWS) wetlands compared to traditional wastewater-treatment plants. Six scenarios of the service costs of three FWS wetlands and three different wastewater-treatment plants based on active sludge processes were compared. The six scenarios were all equally effective in their wastewater-treatment capacity. The service costs were estimated using real accounting data from an experimental wetland and by means of a market survey. Some assumptions had to be made to perform the analysis. A reference wastewater situation was established to solve the problem of the different levels of dilution that characterize the inflow water of the different systems; the land purchase cost was excluded from the analysis, considering the use of public land as shared social services, and an equal life span for both seminatural and traditional wastewater-treatment plants was set. The results suggest that seminatural systems are competitive with traditional biotechnological systems, with an average service cost improvement of 2.1-fold to 8-fold, according to the specific solution and discount rate. The main improvement factor was the lower maintenance cost of the seminatural systems, due to the self-regulating, low artificial energy inputs and the absence of waste to be disposed. In this work, only the waste-treatment capacity of wetlands was considered as a parameter for the economic competitiveness analysis. Other goods/services and environmental benefits provided by FWS wetlands were not considered.

强化供氧条件下潜流型人工湿地运行特性

针对潜流型人工湿地中溶解氧浓度和脱氮率偏低的问题,试验研究了强化供氧对植物和微生物的影响及人工湿地内溶解氧浓度、净化效率的变化规律.结果表明,强化供氧宜在湿地前端进行,最佳气水比为6左右,可采用连续供氧方式.供氧对湿地植物生理特性无明显不良影响,可显著增加湿地中硝化菌、反硝化菌数量,硝化菌可比供氧前高出1～2个数量级,反硝化菌高出1个数量级.强化供氧有效改善了湿地内氧环境,供氧前湿地内溶氧浓度普遍低于0.6 mg/L,供氧后氧浓度上升至1 mg/L以上.强化供氧有利于各类污染物质尤其是有机物和氮类物质的去除,有机物去除率比原湿地高出10％左右, TN去除率能够达到60％以上.因此,强化充氧措施具有较好的研究和应用价值.     

不同小叶章湿地H2S和COS的排放通量研究

利用静态箱/气相色谱法,观测了小叶章沼泽化草甸和小叶章典型草甸两种湿地类型中H2S和COS在生长季(5-9月)的释放动态,结果表明:在两种小叶章湿地中,H2S和COS的排放通量均具有明显的季节和日变化规律.在小叶章沼泽化草甸中H2S和COS的平均释放通量分别为0.34μg·m-2·h-1和-0.29μg·m-2·h-1;小叶章典型草甸H2S和COS的平均释放通量分别为0.14μg·m-2·h-1和-0.20μg·m-2·h-1;小叶章沼泽化草甸H2S和COS的平均释放通量均高于小叶章典型草甸.在生长季两种小叶章湿地均能向大气释放H2S,对COS则表现为从大气中吸收.小叶章的生长过程对H2S和COS的排放影响显著,在小叶章生长旺盛期,H2S出现排放峰值,COS出现吸收高峰.     

人工湿地在我国城市生态建设中的应用

阐述了人工湿地的特点,并对人工湿地在我国城市生态建设中的污水处理以及生态社区、生态景观建设等方面的应用进行了阐述。     

杭州城市及其边缘区湿地磷化学特征的研究

对杭州城市及其边缘区湿地土壤的磷形态组成、固磷能力和释放潜力等方面进行了初步的研究。结果表明,杭州城市及边缘地区的湿地由于受人类影响的不同及所处环境的差异,性质已有很大的分异。城区的西湖、水塘和河流底泥中磷的积累、磷的饱和度和零吸附磷平衡浓度均明显高于城市边缘地区的湿地;湿地土壤中的磷主要呈不稳定、或亚稳定态,可提取态磷约占总磷的80%,62%的湿地土壤磷饱和度在25%以上。最大磷吸附量的大小主要与湿地中无定形氧化铁、铝含量有关。零吸附时磷的浓度(EPC)较高,在0.10~2.48mg·L-1之间,具有较强的释放潜力。半透膜渗析法测得的磷释放量与磷积累呈正相关,但当磷饱和度超过25%时,其磷释放量显著增加。研究表明杭州市及其边缘区湿地土壤磷已普遍达到较高水平,这在一定程度上影响磷净化功能的正常发挥。     

人工湿地对有机污染物的去除效果与动态特征

通过对荣成人工湿地污水处理系统1999年1月至2004年12月间监测数据进行分析,确定系统的处理效果及有机污染物去除效果的动态特征。结果表明,人工湿地对SS、COD、BOD5均有很好的去除效果,出水质量浓度分别为27.6±6.6、90.0±12.5和22.7±4.3 mg.L-1,去除率分别为73.9%、63.8%和72.5%。大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群去除率分别为99.7%和99.6%。对NH4 -N和TP去除效果较差,出水质量浓度分别为11.2±2.7和2.03±0.29 mg.L-1,去除率分别为45.1%和30.2%。BOD5、COD的去除效果和季节变化有一定关系,每年的4—7月BOD5去除效果最佳,1月和12月去除效果最差。COD的去除效果每年6月和7月最高,1月和12月最低。分析BOD5、COD和SS去除效果的年际变化发现,BOD5和COD年平均去除率从1999年到2004年有增加的趋势。     

湿地生态系统甲烷排放研究进展

湿地是大气CH4的主要自然来源。天然湿地每年向大气中排放的CH4占全球CH4排放总量的15％～30％。在厌氧环境条件下，CH4通过甲烷产生菌的作用而产生；在氧化条件下，CH4通过土壤中微生物的作用而被氧化和迁移。CH4从土壤中的排放和吸收经过几个生物和物理过程。湿地中CH4通量在时空两个方面都有较大变化，这种在空间上的变化与CH4产生、氧化和迁移过程有关，同时受不同地域的特殊因素如水文状况、植物群落、土壤温度等的影响。湿地水文条件是决定CH4排放的关键控制因子，表层土壤温度与CH4排放通量成正相关关系，土壤中氮含量也对CH4排放通量起作用。环境因子与CH4排放间的交互作用是非常复杂的，与CO2相比，CH4的产生在时空两方面更易于变化。目前关于湿地CH4排放的模型多为一维模型，主要模拟CH4在土壤中的产生过程，以及从上覆土壤、植被和水体进入大气的迁移过程；模型一般涉及不同深度的土壤温度、水位和净初级生产力。     

DATB+SFCW处理工艺中的短时厌氧预处理的效能研究

提出一种新型生活污水处理工艺———降流式厌氧紊动床(DATB)+潜流人工湿地(SFCW)组合工艺联合处理乡镇生活污水。它不但节省人工湿地的占地面积,防止人工湿地容易出现堵塞的问题,而且能有效地去除有机物和氮、磷,特别适应于中小城镇废水水质水量特点及人力资源特点。主要研究DATB对COD、SS、BOD5有一定的去除效果及其出水对人工湿地处理的影响。     

霍林河中游径流量序列的多时间尺度特征及其效应分析

霍林河是松嫩平原西部地区科尔沁、向海和查干湖湿地的重要补给水源。通过对其中游白云胡硕水文测站46a的年径流量序列的多时间尺度分析,探讨霍林河径流演变的近似周期性,识别霍林河径流变化对其下游洪泛湿地水源补给的规律,以及这种规律控制下的洪泛湿地环境演变。小波分析表明,霍林河白云胡硕水文站年径流序列主要存在3个尺度的周期变化,不同时间尺度下周期信号的强弱在时频域中的分布具有较强的局部特征,以大于30a尺度的年代际周期变化起主导作用,该尺度下,霍林河径流演变呈现出丰、枯、丰的交替振荡,下游洪泛湿地景观演变相应表现出阶段性特征,1990年代以前尤为突出。能量相对较弱的中、小时间尺度径流量周期性变化,与强烈的人类干扰活动相比,对下游洪泛湿地环境演变的作用效果不明显,突出表现在1990年代以后。     

Differing Modes of Biotic Connectivity within Freshwater Ecosystem Mosaics

We describe a collection of aquatic and wetland habitats in an inland landscape, and their occurrence within a terrestrial matrix, as a “freshwater ecosystem mosaic” (FEM). Aquatic and wetland habitats in any FEM can vary widely, from permanently ponded lakes, to ephemerally ponded wetlands, to groundwater‐fed springs, to flowing rivers and streams. The terrestrial matrix can also vary, including in its influence on flows of energy, materials, and organisms among ecosystems. Biota occurring in a specific region are adapted to the unique opportunities and challenges presented by spatial and temporal patterns of habitat types inherent to each FEM. To persist in any given landscape, most species move to recolonize habitats and maintain mixtures of genetic materials. Species also connect habitats through time if they possess needed morphological, physiological, or behavioral traits to persist in a habitat through periods of unfavorable environmental conditions. By examining key spatial and temporal patterns underlying FEMs, and species‐specific adaptations to these patterns, a better understanding of the structural and functional connectivity of a landscape can be obtained. Fully including aquatic, wetland, and terrestrial habitats in FEMs facilitates adoption of the next generation of individual‐based models that integrate the principles of population, community, and ecosystem ecology.