不同运行方式对人工湿地强化除磷的影响研究

采用改变湿地构型、不同进水方式和曝气运行3种方法,开展不同运行方式对人工湿地的强化除磷效果研究。结果表明:垂直流湿地TP的去除率比水平流湿地平均高10%左右,串联方式对改善人工湿地系统除磷效果不明显,而当水平流湿地多点进水的配水比为2∶1∶1时,湿地对TP的去除率可上升5%～10%。湿地间歇运行当停置时间为2d时,TP去除率可提高6%左右;人工湿地曝气运行当气水比为6时,总磷去除率可达到最大。湿地间歇进水、曝气运行方式都可一定程度地提高湿地除磷效率,但要综合考虑对其他主要污染物的去除效果及系统运行费用影响。     

全尺度人工湿地中植物多样性对生产力与多样性效应的影响

在中国东南部的全尺度复合垂直流人工湿地中开展2年的植物多样性实验,以研究植物多样性（包括植物物种丰富度和植物组成）对群落生产力与多样性效应（即互补效应、选择效应和净多样性效应）的影响及其产生机制。结果表明,2007年物种丰富度与群落生产力呈线形正相关,而2008年显著的单峰格局,其关系式为：y=-0.213x2＋3.455x＋15.192（R=0.215）。2008年物种丰富度与互补效应呈显著地线形负相关,而2007年呈单峰格局,其关系式为：y=-0.389x2＋6.974x-10.707（R=0.247）,而且2007年与2008年的互补效应与生产力都呈显著的正相关,表明互补效应对生产力的提高有重要作用。然而,2007年与2008年物种丰富度与选择效应之间均没有显著相关性,且选择效应与群落生产力之间也没有显著相关性,表明选择效应对生产力的提高作用不显著。2007年与2008年中物种组成对生产力、互补效应、选择效应与净多样性效应均有显著影响,说明人工湿地的植物配置对其生态系统功能的维持尤为重要。2008年物种丰富度与净多样性效应呈极显著地线形负相关,而2007年呈显著单峰格局,其关系式为：y=-0.329 x2＋5.968 x-12.659（R=0.234）,这种趋势主要是由于植物多样性-生态系统功能关系的影响因素（如物种的竞争力和生态位）在2年中有所变化。同时,2007年与2008年的多样性净效应与生产力都呈显著正相关关系,表明生产力与多样性净效应的变化趋势是同步的。与抽样效应假说不同的是,本实验中单种最高产物种（芦竹）在混种时没有表现出高产,主要是由于生长的分配、资源的竞争力与环境的变化等。     

庄河口湿地不同土地利用方式下土壤线虫群落特征

分别于2013年5月、8月和11月对庄河口湿地不同土地利用方式下土壤线虫群落分布进行调查,收集芦苇群落、狗尾草群落、圆柏群落、针叶松群落、柳树群落以及裸地土壤样本,采用淘洗-过筛-浅盘法提取土壤线虫,并应用线虫多样性指数和功能类群指数研究该区域土壤线虫群落的特征与差异。研究期间鉴定出44个属,共5895条土壤线虫。研究显示,线虫的生态指数与土壤理化指标呈显著相关,其中土壤pH值和盐度的影响最为显著,整体上呈显著负相关。不同土地利用方式下土壤线虫的群落结构均有所差异,圆柏群落样地pH值最小,且土壤线虫群落最丰富。圆柏、针叶松和柳树为人工种植的植被群落,具有相对稳定pH值,相较于其他3个群落盐度较低,所以线虫群落更加丰富。四大营养类群中捕食/杂食类群的比例高达50.6%,食真菌类群比例只有8.1%。有研究表明酸性土壤有利于食真菌线虫生长,而整个研究区域的 pH 在6.08~7.11之间,并不利于食真菌线虫生长。随着季节的变化,土壤线虫在夏季最多春季最少,分别约占总数的44.9%和23.0%。结果表明,不同季节和不同的土地利用方式对庄河口湿地土壤线虫群落有显著影响,其中不同植被所形成微环境中的pH值和盐度是影响线虫群落分布最主要的因素,为促进土壤生态系统健康发展提供科学依据。     

Inorganic and organic contaminants in sediments from an urban playa and associated toxicity among Hyalella azteca

Playa wetlands are important components of the Southern High Plains (USA) landscape as they are the major aquatic surface feature. Chemical contaminants associated with playas have been documented, particularly for grassland and agricultural watersheds, but not for playas in urban settings. The objectives of this study were to determine concentrations of inorganic and organic contaminants in sediments from an urban playa within the I-20 Wildlife Preserve and Jenna Welch Nature Study Center in Midland, TX, and evaluate toxicity of these sediments to Hyalella azteca. Concentrations of most trace elements were below sediment quality guidelines with exceptions of lead, cadmium, and arsenic. Concentrations of organic contaminants, particularly PAHs, DDT, DDE, and malathion, were above sediment quality guidelines at various locations within the playa. Decreased survival was observed among H. azteca exposed to sediment from a single location when compared those exposed to reference sediments. This location also produced maximum observed concentrations for five of seven trace elements, potentially due to its location at the lowest elevation within the playa. This study documented concentrations of contaminants in sediments of an urban playa associated with past and present land uses in its urban setting, including those from automotive emissions and historical pesticide use.     

淮河流域湿地变化的特征、热点及其影响因素

利用Landsat遥感数据定量研究了淮河流域1995—2007年间各湿地类型的规模变化,分析了其变化特征,辨识了湿地消长的热点区域,并研究湿地变化热点空间分异的影响因子。结果表明,研究期间流域内水田、库塘等人工湿地大幅增加(净增量分别占1995年湿地总面积的16.81%、4.57%);湖泊、沼泽等自然湿地则明显减少(净减少量分别占1995年湿地总面积的1.06%、2.79%),且多转为人工湿地。湿地变化热点多分布于流域东部及南部;人工湿地变化热点分布连续而集中,自然湿地变化热点则稀少而分散。高程和气温对人工湿地增长热点及自然湿地减少热点的发生影响强度相对较高;社会经济与可达性因素对热点的发生具有显著作用,但其影响强度相对较弱。整个淮河流域,湿地变化热点的发生受多种要素的耦合作用,但湿地变化热点空间分异的首要因素是流域自然地理等背景条件的约束作用。     

Exploring relationships between conservation and poverty reduction in wetland ecosystems: lessons from 10 integrated wetland conservation and poverty reduction initiatives

It is well known that whilst wetlands deliver a wide range of services vital for human well-being, they are being rapidly degraded and lost. Losses tend to be higher where human populations are increasing most and demands for economic development are greatest. Multidisciplinary management approaches that integrate conservation and development objectives in wetlands are therefore urgently requested for by the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. This paper describes the evaluation of 10 wetland management case studies from Asia, Africa and South America that adopted such an integrated approach. The evaluation assessed the outcomes of these integrated initiatives to identify conditions and processes for linking conservation and poverty reduction objectives in wetlands. The findings are also compared with other assessments of integrated approaches, particularly in terms of their effectiveness in optimizing conservation and poverty reduction outcomes. The results from our studies suggest an ongoing evolution of such integrated interventions, which also implies cycles of learning from past mistakes. Overall, our results highlight the significant variation between wetlands in types and quantities of services they provide and emphasize the need to view many ecological issues as social challenges for equitable solutions to both wetlands and people. The analysis further shows that the positive on-ground results owe much to the interdisciplinary problem analysis, whereby interventions can move from treating symptoms to addressing root causes. while no blueprint emerged on how to successfully integrate conservation and poverty reduction in wetlands, important lessons for future interventions were drawn.     

Decontamination efficiency and root structure change in the plant-intercropping model in vertical-flow constructed wetlands

Subtropical climatic conditions can contribute to the death of the aerial parts of constructed wetland plants in winter. This presents a barrier to the widespread application of constructed wetland and is an issue that urgently needs to be solved. Three contrasting experi- ments, the plant-intercropping model （A）, the warm- seasonal plant model （B）, and the non-plant model （C）, were studied in terms of their efficiency in removing pollutants, and the change in root structure of plants in the plant-intercropping model within the vertical-flow con- structed wetlands. The results indicate that model A was able to solve the aforementioned problem. Overall, average removal rates of three pollutants （CODcr, total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorous （TP）） using model A were significantly higher than those obtained using models B and C （P 〈 0.01）. Moreover, no significant differences in removal rates of the three pollutants were detected between A and B during the higher temperature part of the year （P〉 0.05）. Conversely, removal rates of the three pollutants were found to be significantly higher using model A than those observed using model B during the lower temperature part of the year （P 〈 0.01）. Furthermore, the morphologies and internal structures of plant roots further demonstrate that numerous white roots, whose distribution in soil was generally shallow, extend further under model A. The roots of these aquatic plants have an aerenchyma structure composed of parenchyma cells, therefore, roots of the cold-seasonal plants with major growth advantages used in A were capable of creating a more favorable vertical-flow constructed wetlands media- microenvironment. In conclusion, the plant-intercropping model （A） is more suitable for use in the cold environment experienced by constructed wetland during winter.     

1990—2013年中国东北地区湿地生态系统格局演变遥感监测分析

全球变化背景下,湿地生态系统极具敏感性和脆弱性。论文以Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI和国产环境卫星影像为数据源,重建1990、2000和2013年3期东北地区湿地生态系统分布格局;通过将东北地区划分为六大重要湿地分布区,探讨了区域天然湿地与人工湿地的分布和动态空间差异性及其驱动因素。结果表明：1990、2000、2013年东北地区湿地面积分别为11.75×10⁴、10.57×10⁴、10.41×10⁴ km²,湿地率分别为9.45%、8.50%、8.38%。湿地分布具有明显的地域特征,大兴安岭湿地区是最主要的天然湿地分布区,除水田外的人工湿地主要分布在辽河三角洲湿地区。1990—2013年东北地区湿地面积损失严重,损失面积为1.34×10⁴ km²,湿地相对损失率为11.4%,天然湿地相对损失率为14.3%,主要转化为耕地。三江平原湿地区的湿地率下降最明显,天然湿地损失面积为9 935.2 km²;松嫩平原湿地区人工湿地面积增加最明显,增加 1 141.9 km²。气候变化影响叠加人类活动干扰背景下,沼泽湿地是对全球变化响应最显著的湿地类型,损失面积为16 091.4 km²。气候要素和人文因子对湿地影响具有明显的空间差异性,人类活动的变化更加能够主导东北地区湿地面积的变化。     

闽江口不同沼泽植被带土壤甲烷产生潜力的温度敏感性

2012年2月采集闽江河口鳝鱼滩短叶茳芏(Cyperus malaccensis),芦苇(Phragmites australis)和互花米草(Scirpus alterniflora) 3个典型潮汐沼泽植被带0~30cm(间隔5cm)土壤样品,在不同温度(10,20和30℃)进行15d室内厌氧培养实验,探讨河口区不同沼泽植被带土壤甲烷产生潜力及其温度敏感性(Q10值)的特征.结果表明,指数模型较好地拟合不同沼泽植被带土壤甲烷产生与温度的相关关系;温度由10℃升至20℃时,3个沼泽植被带土壤甲烷产生潜力Q10值的均值分别为5.04,14.92和14.81,最大值均在培养期间的第13~15d分别出现于10~15cm,15~20cm和20~25cm三个土层;温度由20℃升至30℃时,3个沼泽植被带土壤甲烷产生潜力Q10值的均值分别为3.56,4.99和3.43,最大值分别在培养期间的第4~6d,第4~6d和第7~9d出现于0~5cm,0~5cm和15~20cm三个土层;植被类型和土壤深度对甲烷产生潜力及Q10值均具有显著的影响(P<0.05).     

太湖流域稻田湿地对低污染水中氮磷的净化效果

对太湖流域稻田湿地设置3种布水设计——地表漫流式、串形沟灌渗滤式和弓形沟灌渗滤式, 研究连续进水方式下3种布水设计的稻田湿地对低污染水中氮、磷的净化效果及其产量效应. 结果表明:①在水稻拔节期和灌浆期,稻田湿地对低污染水中TN和TP的去除率分别可达77%~93%和87%~96%,稻田排水中ρ(TN)均在2 mg/L以下. ②3种布水设计对TN的去除率表现为漫流式>弓形沟灌渗滤式>串形沟灌渗滤式;对TP的去除率则以弓形沟灌渗滤式最高,串形沟灌渗滤式最差,但二者间差异不显著. ③弓形沟灌渗滤处理由于沟渠占田面积比例相对比较适宜,水稻籽粒产量最高(8 520 kg/hm2),比传统的漫流型稻田湿地增产5.2%;而串形沟灌渗滤处理因其沟渠占田面积比例(约14%)较大,水稻籽粒产量最低. 研究结果证实,利用太湖流域广泛存在的稻田湿地来净化周围的低污染水方法可行且效果较好.