利用CRI作为人工湿地预处理措施的工艺研究

人工湿地处理系统作为一种对于面源污染有较好针对性的生态型污水处理技术,构建简单,成本低,但也存在诸多缺陷。利用人工快渗(CRI)作为人工湿地的预处理措施,使得系统的氧恢复能力增强,过水速率提高,能有效缓解堵塞问题,改善人工湿地的水力条件。实验研究表明:增加CRI工艺作为预处理措施可以很大程度上改善单一人工湿地的出水水质。     

中国典型滨海湿地转变为养殖塘对土壤细菌多样性及群落结构的影响

以我国黄河口碱蓬湿地、九龙江口桐花树湿地、东寨港木榄湿地为研究样地,借助高通量测序技术探究这3个典型滨海湿地转变为养殖塘前、后土壤细菌多样性及群落结构的变化.结果表明：①天然湿地转变为养殖塘后,土壤细菌群落多样性与丰富度均有所下降;②天然湿地转变为养殖塘未显著改变细菌门水平群落组成,湿地优势细菌门主要为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）;③天然湿地转变为养殖塘改变了土壤优势细菌属,九龙江口和东寨港湿地转变后,寡养单胞菌属（Stenotrophomonas）相对丰度均有所升高,东寨港湿地转变后土壤中假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）相对丰度也有所增加,并新增了气单胞菌属（Aeromonas）;4环境因子对湿地土壤细菌相对丰度有显著影响,寡养单胞菌属（Stenotrophomonas）与含水量呈显著负相关（p<0.05）,与容重和pH呈显著正相关（p<0.01）;Sulfurimonas、Woeseia等细菌属与土壤容重呈显著负相关（p<0.01）.由此可见,湿地围垦养殖对土壤微环境产生了较大影响,养殖户在进行养殖作业时需格外注重生态环境的健康与可持续发展.     

白洋淀芦苇型水陆交错带水化学动态及其净化功能研究

于2007年3月-11月对富营养化湖泊一白洋淀进行了现场调查,分析了温度、溶解氧（DO）、叶绿素、总磷（TP）及其他水化学指标的动态变化规律,并讨论了它们之间的相互关系。结果表明：白洋淀芦苇（Phragmites australis var．baiyangdiansis）型水陆交错带对营养物质具有强烈的截留作用,可以达到净化白洋淀水体的效果。从水质指标的空间分布看,污染较重的府河河口区域其水体TP、化学需氧量（CODc,）含量明显高于污染较轻的湖泊中心区域,空间梯度上呈逐步递减趋势。根据水体盐度、总溶解性固体、TP及DO含量进行聚类分析,可以将采样点分为3类：Ⅰ区、污染较重河口区域;Ⅱ区、中间过渡缓冲区域;Ⅲ区、污染较轻中心区域。Ⅰ区其水体DO含量明显低于Ⅲ区,而水体盐度则明显高于Ⅲ区。通过调查发现：在8月份,白洋淀水体DO含量突然增加;相关分析表明：叶绿素含量与DO（P=0．046）及温度（P〈0．01）之间呈显著正相关关系。结合叶绿素等指标的动态变化规律,8月份左右可能是白洋淀藻类爆发的危险时期。     

人工湿地磷吸附饱和基质的化学再生研究

长期处理了生活污水后的人工湿地基质对磷素的吸附会达到饱和,通过化学浸提方法,研究了2种无机酸（盐酸和硫酸）,酸和碱（盐酸和氢氧化钠溶液）对饱和吸附磷基质的释磷效果以及再生后基质吸附磷效果。结果表明：盐酸和硫酸对基质释磷的差异性不大,硫酸的释磷效果略好于盐酸,对3种基质的释磷效果几乎都大于80%;碱对砂和煤渣释磷效果好,对高炉渣释磷效果差,但经碱再生后的高炉渣、砂基质对磷素的吸收率极高,磷素初始浓度在1～50mg·L-1范围内时,吸收率在95.18%～99.04%范围内,对基质的再生能力好,而经碱再生后的煤渣基质对磷素的吸收率却很低,吸收率不超过21.14%。     

Contaminant Exposure and Effects in Red-Winged Blackbirds Inhabiting Stormwater Retention Ponds

Stormwater wetlands are created to retain water from storms and snow melt to reduce sediment, nutrient, and contaminant pollution of natural waterways in metropolitan areas. However, they are often a source of attractive habitat to wetland-associated wildlife. In this study of 12 stormwater wetlands and a larger, older reference site, elevated concentrations of zinc and copper were found in sediments and carcasses of 8-day-old red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) nestlings inhabiting stormwater sites. Although nesting success in the stormwater wetlands was comparable to national averages, sediment zinc concentrations correlated with clutch size, hatching success, fledgling success, and Mayfield nest success, suggesting that the nestlings may have been stressed and impaired by elevated zinc. This stress may have been direct on the nestlings or indirect through effects on the availability of food organisms.Published online     

Effects of Bridge Shading on Estuarine Marsh Benthic Invertebrate Community Structure and Function

The effect of bridge shading on estuarine marsh food webs was assessed by comparing benthic invertebrate communities beneath seven highway bridges with marshes outside of bridge-affected areas (reference marshes). We used light attenuation and height–width ratio (HW ratio), which takes into account the two main bridge characteristics that determine the degree of shading, to quantify the impact of shading on invertebrate communities. Low bridges, with HW ratio <0.7 and light attenuation greater than 85–90%, had benthic invertebrate densities and diversity that were significantly lower than reference marshes. Density of benthic invertebrates at low bridges was 25–52% (29,685–72,920 organisms/m²) of densities measured in adjacent reference marshes (119,329–173,351 organisms/m²). Likewise, there were fewer taxa under low bridges (5.8/11.35 cm² core) as compared to the reference marshes (9.0/11.35 cm² core). Density of numerically dominant taxa (e.g., oligochaetes and nematodes) as well as surface- and subsurface deposit feeders also were reduced under low bridges. Decreased invertebrate density, diversity, dominant taxa, and alterations of trophic feeding groups beneath low bridges was correlated with diminished above- and below-ground macrophyte biomass that presumably resulted in fewer food resources and available refuges from predators. With a greater knowledge of bridge shading effects, bridge construction and design may be improved to reduce the impacts on estuarine benthic invertebrate communities and overall ecosystem structure and function.     

湿地价值分析及其基本原则

在对湿地功能、用途、属性与湿地价值间的关系、湿地价值的等级性进行分析的基础上,提出了湿地价值分析的基本原则,为在规划和决策时能充分考虑湿地的真正价值,从而实现湿地资源的保护与可持续利用。     

HYDROLOGIC BUDGET FOR A FRESHWATER MARSH IN FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: Accurate water balance calculations are essential for water resource and environmental management decisions, but many of the terms used in the equation are difficult to measure. In this study, a method for measuring rates of evapotranspiration and net seepage from a freshwater marsh in southwest Florida is described. The results are compared to evaporation pan estimates as well as to calculations that balanced all the terms in the hydrologic budget. The measured rates of evapotranspiration showed a. distinct seasonal trend ranging from an average high of 0.24 in/d during July 1992 to a low of 0.06 in/d in January 1993. Evapotranspiration rates were higher than Class A evaporation pan measurements during July and August, indicating transpiration by plants exceeded evaporation by pans. Net ground water seepage flowed out of the marsh except during periods of high water table conditions. When all terms in the hydrologic budget were evaluated, the equation balanced on a yearly basis with an error of 2 percent, on a seasonal basis with errors less than 7 percent, but on a monthly basis errors were as great as 30 percent. Total annual rainfall on the marsh was 45 percent of the total marsh hydrologic input and was approximately equal to the loss by evapotranspiration of 41 percent.     

扎龙湿地水体富营养化与治理措施研究

以扎龙湿地水环境为切入点,采用改进的灰色识别分析法对湖泊湿地以及沼泽湿地的水质进行分析。结果表明：湖泊湿地富营养化程度均为重营养状态,隶属重富营养状态的关联系数为0．003—0．602;东升水库处于重富营养状态,关联系数为0．150—0．724。通过分析扎龙湿地富营养化成因,提出了疏控淤泥、下层滞水带充氧、曝气,建立人工湿地以及生物工程相结合的治理措施。     

煤矿塌陷湿地水体富营养化评价

以徐州某矿塌陷湿地为研究对象,通过对该矿塌陷湿地水体水质监测数据的分析,采用综合营养状态指数法（TLI）对该塌陷湿地水体的富营养化水平进行了评价。研究结果表明：①该矿塌陷湿地水体水质总体优于GB3838-2002Ⅳ类标准,TN和TP的平均含量分别为0.31 mg/L和0.024 mg/L,可达到Ⅱ类标准;②整个塌陷湿地水体的综合营养状态指数TLI为47.46,处于中营养状态,有向富营养化状态变化的趋势;③在水质监测数据的基础上,分析了水体营养状态变化的原因,并提出了针对该矿塌陷湿地水体的富营养化控制措施和建议。