HYDROLOGIC BUDGET FOR A FRESHWATER MARSH IN FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: Accurate water balance calculations are essential for water resource and environmental management decisions, but many of the terms used in the equation are difficult to measure. In this study, a method for measuring rates of evapotranspiration and net seepage from a freshwater marsh in southwest Florida is described. The results are compared to evaporation pan estimates as well as to calculations that balanced all the terms in the hydrologic budget. The measured rates of evapotranspiration showed a. distinct seasonal trend ranging from an average high of 0.24 in/d during July 1992 to a low of 0.06 in/d in January 1993. Evapotranspiration rates were higher than Class A evaporation pan measurements during July and August, indicating transpiration by plants exceeded evaporation by pans. Net ground water seepage flowed out of the marsh except during periods of high water table conditions. When all terms in the hydrologic budget were evaluated, the equation balanced on a yearly basis with an error of 2 percent, on a seasonal basis with errors less than 7 percent, but on a monthly basis errors were as great as 30 percent. Total annual rainfall on the marsh was 45 percent of the total marsh hydrologic input and was approximately equal to the loss by evapotranspiration of 41 percent.     

Freshwater Wetland dynamics in South Kingstown,Rhode Island, 1939–1972

The extent and causes of changes in the fresh-water wetlands of South Kingstown, Rhode Island were determined through field work and through the analysis of panchromatic aerial photographs taken in 1939 and 1972. During this period, there was a net loss of 0.9 percent of the total area (2345.2 ha) of wetland present in 1939. Highway construction and residential development accounted for most of this loss. Approximately 17 percent of the wetland present in 1939 had changed sufficiently by 1972 to warrant reclassification. Plant succession alone accounted for 57 percent of the changes in wetland types, while man's activities were influential in 41 percent of the cases. Ninety-two percent of the natural changes in wetland types was progressive, while 58 percent of the changes induced by man and undetermined causes was retrogressive. Man's major role was to alter the water regimes and vegetation of wetlands. There was a decrease in wetland diversity as the most abundant type, wooded swamp, grew in area while the abundance of shallow marshes, meadows, and shrub swamps declined. A knowledge of wetland dynamics is essential in the management of wetlands for a diversity of wildlife and other natural values.     

潜流人工湿地基质结构与水力特性相关性研究

利用数值模拟方法结合实验手段,研究基质结构与系统水力特性的相关性,数值模拟结果表明,填料渗透系数对人工湿地水力效率影响很大,单层结构人工湿地系统中,填料渗透系数越大,流场分布越不均匀;由上到下填料渗透系数逐渐增加的分层填充方式能有效避免短流及死区的发生,提高系统水力效率.根据数值模拟结果构建两个人工湿地对比小试实验系统,并开展示踪实验对模拟结果进行验证,示踪实验结果表明,分层填充结构水力特性显著优于单层结构潜流人工湿地,二者有效体积比分别为0.87和0.49.可见,数值模拟方法能够有效应用于潜流人工湿地基质结构参数优化方面.     

不同类型LDHs对垂直流人工湿地无烟煤基质的覆膜改性及其脱氮效果研究

选取垂直流人工湿地无烟煤基质,采用不同类型金属化合物(CaCl2、ZnCl2、MgCl2、FeCl3、AlCl3、CoCl3)两两组合方式,在碱性环境下共沉淀生成9种不同类型的层状双金属氢氧化物LDHs并覆膜于基质表面;构建基质试验柱,分别对未改性及9种LDHs覆膜改性无烟煤基质进行模拟垂直流人工湿地脱氮效果研究.结果表明,9种不同组合方式生成的LDHs均能有效地进行无烟煤基质覆膜改性;Mg2+参与合成的改性基质对TN和氨氮均有很好的去除效果,其中MgCo-LDHs改性基质对TN的平均去除率超过80%,对氨氮的平均去除率达到了85%;Mg2+和Fe3+参与合成的改性基质对氨氮的去除效果优良,其中CaFe-LDHs和MgFe-LDHs改性基质的平均去除率达到了85%以上.     

Pollutant removal from municipal wastewater employing baffled subsurface flow and integrated surface flow-floating treatment wetlands

This article reports pollutant removal performances of baffled subsurface flow, and integrated surface flow-floating treatment wetland units, when arranged in series for the treatment of municipal wastewater in Bangladesh. The wetland units （of the hybrid system） included organic, inorganic media, and were planted with nineteen types of macrophytes. The wetland train was operated under hydraulic loading fluctuation and seasonal variation. The performance analyses （across the wetland units） illustrated simultaneous denitrification and organics removal rates in the first stage vertical flow wetland, due to organic carbon leaching from the employed organic media. Higher mean organics removal rates （656.0 g COD]（m2.day）） did not completely inhibit nitrification in the first stage vertical flow system; such pattern could be linked to effective utilization of the trapped oxygen, as the flow was directed throughout the media by the baffle walls. Second stage horizontal flow wetland showed enhanced biodegradable organics removal, which depleted organic carbon availability for denitrification. The final stage integrated wetland system allowed further nitrogen removal from wastewater, via nutrient uptake by plant roots （along with nitrification）, and generation of organic carbon （by the dead macrophytes） to support denitrification. The system achieved higher E. coli mortality through protozoa predation, E. coli oxidation, and destruction by UV radiation. In general, enhanced pollutant removal efflciencies as demonstrated by the structurally modified hybrid wetland system signify the necessity of such modification, when operated under adverse conditions such as： substantial input organics loading, hydraulic loading fluctuation, and seasonal variation.     

外源氮、硫添加对闽江河口湿地CH4、CO2排放的短期影响

于2015年4月在闽江河口鳝鱼滩湿地原位开展氮、硫添加实验,研究外源氮、硫添加对河口湿地CH_4、CO_2排放通量的短期影响,并同步观测相关环境因子.结果表明,NH_4Cl(NH)和NH_4NO_3+K_2SO_4(NS)添加显著促进了河口湿地CH_4平均排放通量(P0.01),NS耦合添加显著促进了湿地CO_2平均排放通量(P0.05);KNO_3(NO)和K_2SO_4(S)处理在实验期间对CH_4、CO_2排放通量表现为促进与抑制作用的交互影响,并且影响均不显著(P0.05).与对照(CK)相比,NH和NS添加使CH_4平均排放通量分别提高了(286.36%、122.73%),使CO_2平均排放通量分别提高了(39.92%、34.24%).氮、硫添加对河口潮滩湿地CH_4、CO_2排放的影响具有明显的时间变异性,改变了短叶茳芏湿地生长季CH_4排放时间变化规律,但未改变CO_2排放时间规律.相关分析显示,NH和NS添加处理下河口湿地土壤CH_4、CO_2排放通量主要受土温、EC、DOC以及NH+4-N的控制(P0.05或P0.01),NO和S处理主要受土温、EC、pH、DOC、NO_3~--N的控制(P0.05或P0.01),CK处理则主要受土温的影响(P0.01).温度、盐度、氮有效性是影响河口湿地CO_2、CH_4排放的主要因素.     

盐度和水淹对短叶茳芏枯落物分解和二氧化碳释放的影响

在全球气候变暖和盐水入侵的背景下,探究湿地枯落物分解和CO_2释放对盐度和水淹的响应具有重要意义.以闽江河口湿地的短叶茳芏为研究对象,模拟不同盐度和水淹条件下枯落物分解.研究结果表明:(1)盐度升高抑制枯落物的分解(p0.01),低盐(5)、中盐(10)、高盐(15)在非水淹条件下分别比对照(0)的失重率平均减少10.83%、17.93%和29.39%,水淹条件下平均减少24.18%、31.62%和47.46%.(2)对照组的枯落物分解速率为水淹条件(0.0070 d~(-1),t_(0.95)=0.76 a)大于非水淹条件(0.0051 d~(-1),t0.95=0.94 a),而处理组的枯落物分解速率和CO_2释放速率均呈现出非水淹条件大于水淹条件.非水淹的枯落物CO_2释放通量比水淹条件的增长7.05%~86.23%.(3)在枯落物分解95%的干物质的期间内,与水淹条件相比,非水淹对照组平均每g干物质释放的CO_2高于水淹对照组34.49%;然而,随盐度升高,非水淹条件下的平均每g干物质释放的CO_2受抑制.(4)盐度和水淹对枯落物残留量的贡献率分别为24.82%和14.29%,对枯落物CO_2释放通量的贡献率分别为75.62%和6.13%.     

海南东北部滨海湿地沉积物微量元素分布特征、来源及污染评价

对海南岛东北部滨海湿地128个站位表层沉积物中14种元素(Al_2O_3、Fe_2O_3、MnO、Cu、Ni、Sr、Zn、V、Pb、Cr、Zr、As、Cd和Hg)、总有机碳(TOC)含量和粒度进行测试分析.结果表明,研究区微量元素V、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Pb、Cd和Hg平均含量分别为(40.13±32.65)、(35.92±26.90)、(13.03±11.46)、(11.56±10.27)、(48.75±27.00)、(5.48±1.60)、(18.70±8.66)、(0.054±0.045)和(0.050±0.050)μg·g~(-1),相比于珠江口、长江口、渤海湾沉积物和其他地质单元含量普遍偏低,而Sr和Zr的平均含量异常分别高达(1 253.60±1 649.58)μg·g~(-1)和(372.40±516.49)μg·g~(-1).研究区微量元素分布特征(除As、Sr和Zr)主要富集在海口湾、南渡江河口、演丰镇东寨港、清澜港文昌/文教河口、万宁小海等海湾和潟湖沉积环境中.通过研究区元素的相关性分析和因子分析(FA),结果显示海南岛东北部底质沉积物中Al_2O_3、Fe_2O_3、MnO、Cu、Ni、Zn、V、Pb、Cr和部分Hg主要来自于自然源;Cd和部分Hg来自于生物源,其分布受控于TOC;而As和部分Mn O显然受到了人类活动的干扰,其来源可能是沿岸水产养殖废水排放.依据沉积物质量基准Effect Range-Low(ERL)、Effect Range-Median(ERM)和Enrichment Factor(EF)值,计算表明研究区生态环境整体良好,沉积物微量元素污染程度较低,处于无污染-弱污染的程度.但是,22%的站位中Ni可能对海洋底栖生物产生负面影响.文昌市沿岸的冯家湾和龙马乡沿岸的人类活动已经造成区域局部微量元素整体的富集,应该引起重视.     

人工湿地在应用中存在的问题及解决措施

人工湿地是近几十年发展起来的一种污水生态处理工程技术,它将污水处理和环境生态有机地结合起来,在有效处理污水的同时也美化了环境,创造了生态景观,带来了环境效益和一定的经济效益.人工湿地自发展以来,以其独特的优势广受人们关注,并广泛应用于处理生活污水、工业废水、矿山及石油开采废水等.但是人工湿地在实际应用过程中也暴露出了很多问题,如易受气候条件和温度的影响,基质易饱和易堵塞,易受植物种类影响,占地面积较大,管理不合理,设计不规范,生态服务功能单一等,这些问题在一定程度上影响了人工湿地对污水的处理效果,缩短了人工湿地的使用寿命,阻碍了人工湿地的推广应用.针对目前人工湿地在应用中存在的这些问题提出了相应的解决措施,提高人工湿地对污水的处理效果,期望能够为人工湿地的应用及推广提供参考.     

典型滨海湿地干湿交替过程氮素动态的模拟研究

滨海湿地是海陆相互作用的交错过渡地带,具有敏感而复杂的环境过程与功能价值.以典型滨海湿地崇明东滩为原型,采集湿地沉积物及海水样品,通过土柱模拟方法,研究了半月潮(15 d左右为周期的"大潮")与日潮(一个太阴日内出现的涨潮和落潮)水分生态过程沉积物NO3--N、NO2--N、NH4+-N与溶解性有机氮(DON)含量以及硝酸还原酶(Nar),亚硝酸还原酶(Nir),羟胺还原酶(Hyr)活性等的变化,旨为揭示滨海湿地潮汐驱动下沉积物周期性干湿交替过程氮素动态变化规律及还原机制.半月潮过程中,沉积物变干期间(含水量从35%降至5%～7%),硝化作用占主导地位.随着干燥程度的加剧(含水量从5%～7%降至0%～3%),沉积物中数量可观的NO3--N和NO2--N转化为DON.然而,随着干湿交替频次的增加,NO3--N和NO2--N向DON的转化率显著降低.干燥沉积物淹水变湿后(含水量从0%～3%升至37%～45%),NO3--N、NO2--N、NH4+-N与DON含量平均增加1～3倍.淹水后Nar、Nir活性的迅速升高表明,NO3--N和NO2--N的还原明显改善.3个培养周期沉积物Nar与Nir活性、Hyr活性与NH4+-N含量之间呈现极显著的正相关性,NO3--N、NO2--N含量的减少与NH4+-N含量的增加也显著相关.结合湿地沉积物干湿交替过程"低氮高碳"特征,可以认为,氨化途径主导了半月潮过程NO3--N的还原.相比较而言,日潮过程中,NO3--N、NO2--N、NH4+-N以及DON的含量均较为稳定,分别为(3.0±0.3)、(1.2±0.1)、(133.3±4.3)和(41.1±10.6)mg·kg-1.因此,日潮过程对沉积物氮素动态变化的影响较小.