Towards the solution of urban transport problems in China

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基于面向对象的北京市区城市内部用地信息提取

选取北京市四环以内为研究区域,以资源三号卫星遥感影像为数据源,针对类型多样、特征易混淆的城市内部用地以及高分辨率遥感影像海量信息、人工提取费时费力等特点,论文基于面向对象分类方法,探讨城市内部用地自动提取方法,并对分类结果进行精度评估.结果表明:利用不同地物的光谱、形状、纹理和空间关系等特征,通过多尺度分割和隶属度函数法,构建合理的分类层次,不仅精确提取出研究区内水体、绿地、建设用地和待开发用地,更独具创新地区分了城市建设用地内部各种地物类型,包括工业生产用地、低密度和高密度生活用地以及交通用地.该方法有效地利用了资源3 号卫星影像的光谱、纹理及空间信息特征,总体精度可达到87.00%,Kappa系数达到0.853 9,取得较好的分类效果.     

Particle size distribution and characteristics of heavy metals in road-deposited sediments from Beijing Olympic Park

Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, heavy metals in road-deposited sediments (RDSs) of parks are emitted into the terrestrial, atmospheric, and water environment, and have a severe impact on residents' and tourists' health. To identify the distribution and characteristic of heavy metals in RDS and to assess the road environmental quality in Chinese parks, samples were collected from Beijing Olympic Park in the present study. The results indicated that particles with small grain size (< 150 μm) were the dominant fraction. The length of dry period was one of the main factors affecting the particle size distribution, as indicated by the variation of size fraction with the increase of dry days. The amount of heavy metal (i.e., Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd) content was the largest in particles with small size (< 150 μm) among all samples. Specifically, the percentage of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in these particles was 74.7%, 55.5%, 56.6% and 71.3%, respectively. Heavy metals adsorbed in sediments may mainly be contributed by road traffic emissions. The contamination levels of Pb and Cd were higher than Cu and Zn on the basis of the mean heavy metal contents. Specifically, the geoaccumulation index (I_geo) decreased in the order: Cd > Pb > Cu > Zn. This study analyzed the mobility of heavy metals in sediments using partial sequential extraction with the Tessier procedure. The results revealed that the apparent mobility and potential metal bioavailability of heavy metals in the sediments, based on the exchangeable and carbonate fractions, decreased in the order: Cd > Zn ≈ Pb > Cu.     

2015年春节北京市空气质量分析

对2015年春节(2月18~24日)期间北京市PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2的浓度及PM2.5组分进行了分析,并基于PM2.5/CO比值法定量估算了除夕夜烟花爆竹PM2.5排放量.结果表明,春节期间北京市PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2的平均浓度分别为116.85、184.71、22.14、36.27μg·m-3,比2014年同期分别增长52.61%、92.41%、-40.15%、-0.46%;除夕夜01:00PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2峰值浓度分别为412.69、541.63、152.73、51.09μg·m-3,比2014年同期峰值浓度分别增长19.02%、14.37%、76.57%、11.35%;污染物峰值浓度空间分布上人口密集地区浓度水平明显较高;具有烟花燃放特征的指示性PM2.5组分ρ(Cl-)、ρ(K+)、ρ(Mg2+)峰值浓度分别是2013~2014年各项离子年均浓度的18.85、66.72、70.10倍;烟花爆竹燃放会在短时间内造成严重的大气污染,除夕夜北京市区烟花爆竹排放PM2.5总量约为2.13×105kg.进一步分析显示春节半月期间污染源排放量大幅降低对北京市空气质量的改善效果明显.     

北京市大气污染减排潜力及居民健康效益评估

北京市能源消费正面临着污染物减排和保障居民健康的双重约束. 针对未来城市能源消费设计BAU(基准情景)和2个分别基于近期和中长期节能环保要求的受控情景(EC1、EC2),模拟预测了3个情景下主要大气污染物(SO₂、NO_x、PM₁₀、PM_2.5)在目标年(2020年)的排放水平,以确定大气污染减排潜力. 分别采用综合暴露-反应关系模型(IER)和泊松回归模型,评估北京市居民对PM_2.5暴露的健康风险,估算健康损失的经济价值. 结果表明:相较BAU情景,在EC1情景下, SO₂、NO_x、PM₁₀、PM_2.5减排率分别达到52.95%、49.77%、32.82%、41.41%,可减少PM_2.5暴露下居民死亡和发病219 783例,其中死亡1 295例、住院3 920例、门诊182 558例、患病32 011例,获得健康效益111.87×108元;在EC2情景下,SO₂、NO_x、PM₁₀、PM_2.5的减排率分别达到66.61%、63.42%、54.96%、57.44%,可减少PM_2.5暴露下居民死亡和发病519 234例,其中死亡2 930例、住院9 248例、门诊427 070例、患病79 986例,获得健康效益290.10×108元. 相较EC1情景,EC2情景可产生更大的减排潜力和居民健康效益. 从空间分布上来看,北京主城区因能源方案优化获得的健康效益较大,约占总健康经济效益的60%.      

不同分辨率CMAQ模式系统对北京PM2.5预报效果研究

自北京奥运会以来,CMAQ模式作为北京多模式预报系统的一个成员在北京空气质量预报中得到广泛应用.为了更好地发展模式系统预报性能,本文针对北京开展完整年份PM_2.5模拟预报效果评估,结合我国环境空气质量标准,引入IAQI预报准确率、等级预报准确率以及预报综合评分法等多项指标,研究评价不同代际不同模式分辨率CMAQ模式系统预报效果差异.研究结果表明,①新研发的CMAQ模式系统预报效果整体优于原有业务预报模式系统,综合考虑预报级别准确性和预报空气质量分指数精确度的得分评估结果显示,新一代CMAQ模式3 km空间分辨率(BJ03)4 d预报时效内得分为73.1～80.5分,高于9 km空间分辨率(BJ09)和原有CMAQ模式5 km空间分辨率(CN05)和15 km空间分辨率(CN15)的预报结果综合得分.②BJ03区域的预报效果优于BJ09区域,BJ03区域预报的PM_2.5-IAQI准确率达42%,空气质量等级准确率达68%～79%,预报综合评价得分最高80.5分;而9 km分辨率CMAQ模式预报的PM_2.5-IAQI准确率为...     

Vertical distribution and environmental significance of sulfur and oxygen heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil samples collected from Beijing, China

Vertical distribution of the concentration and composition of some sulfur and oxygen heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (SOHAHs), such as, fluorene, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene and their alkyl homologues in 10 soil profiles in Beijing have been investigated. The results showed that the concentrations and composition of SOHAHs in topsoil (0-30cm) from different profiles are different. The concentrations of SOHAHs in topsoils are much higher than that in bottom soils where the concentrations are relatively constant. The fingerprints of SOHAHs from same profile are similar in topsoil samples, which are obviously different at the deep part, which suggested that the sources of these compounds are consistent in topsoil and are discriminating between surface and bottom soils. The main sources of SOHAHs in surface soil were fossil fuel combustion, petroleum and wastewater irrigation, while those at deep part were likely derived from the degradation products of soil organic matters.     

北京市城市屋面径流特征研究

对北京市城区不同功能区和不同类型的屋面进行三场降雨径流监测,并分析屋面径流污染过程和水质特征。采用降雨径流污染物平均浓度(EMC)分析评价径流污染程度,结果表明径流水质与屋面材质、降雨强度等因素有关,沥青屋面污染较重,降雨强度越大,径流水质越差;三场降雨中污染物浓度随降雨历时总体上呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,初期径流水质较差,存在明显的初始冲刷现象。     

AQI标准下北京市空气质量数值预报系统及其在重大活动保障中的应用

围绕新AQI标准下环境空气重污染预报预警工作的需求,全面优化升级了北京市空气质量数值预报系统。该系统集成了新一代天气模式WRF,并进一步发展污染源处理模型SMOKE,实现了点源、面源、机动车源等排放源高时空分辨率制作,同时紧追空气质量模型(CMAQ、CAMx、NAQPMS)新发展,实现在线源解析模块的业务应用。这一系统不仅在日常业务预报中有效提升了北京市空气重污染过程的预报准确率,还成功应用于2014年APEC会议、2015年纪念中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利70周年阅兵等重大活动空气质量保障工作中,满足了重大活动对空气质量预报预警的特殊需求,为进一步提高城市空气质量预报预警技术的发展做出有益尝试,并积累了丰富的经验。     

北京市大气能见度规律及下降原因

利用历史资料和外场观测数据,对北京市大气能见度的规律进行了分析.结果发现,北京市大气能见度较差的时间占全年的近一半.夏季能见度最好,冬季最差.通常中午能见度最好.高浓度的颗粒物是北京市大气能见度下降的主要原因.局地重污染天气和沙尘暴天气虽然发生几率小,但可以使北京市大气能见度下降得很低.