应用PART5模式计算机动车尾气管的颗粒物排放

采用修正的PART5模式获得了北京市机动车尾气管的颗粒物(PM10和PM2.5)排放因子.在此基础上,计算了北京市1995和1998年机动车PM10和PM2.5的排放总量,并确定了分车型的排放分担率和颗粒物中各组分(铅、硫酸盐、可溶性有机物和残余碳等)的比例.结果表明,北京市机动车PM10和PM2.5的平均排放因子很高,其中汽油车、摩托车和重型柴油车的排放因子分别是美国同期水平的1.7～8.6倍、2.1～3.5倍和1.3～1.5倍.1995年北京市机动车尾气管排放的PM10和PM2.5分别为2445t和1890t,1998年则分别增至3359t和2694t,增加的幅度为37.4%和42.5%.     

Local and regional contributions to PM2.5 in the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics infrastructure areas during haze episodes

• Regional transportation contributed more than local emissions during haze episodes. • Short-range regional transportation contributed the most to the PM_2.5 in the OIAs. • Low wind speeds and low PBLHs led to higher local contributions to Beijing. The 2022 Winter Olympics is scheduled to take place in Beijing and Zhangjiakou, which were defined as OIAs (Olympic infrastructure areas) in this study. This study presents the characteristics and source apportionment of PM_2.5 in the OIAs, China. The entire region of mainland China, except for the OIAs, was divided into 9 source regions, including four regions in the BTH(Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei) region, the four provinces surrounding the BTH and the remaining areas. Using CAMx/PSAT, the contributions of the nine regions to the PM_2.5 concentration in the OIAs were simulated spatially and temporally. The simulated source apportionment results showed that the contribution of regional transportation was 48.78%, and when PM_2.5 concentration was larger than 75 μg/m³ central Hebei was the largest contributor with a contribution of 19.18%, followed by Tianjin, northern Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shandong, southern Hebei, Henan and Liaoning. Furthermore, the contribution from neighboring regions of the OIAs was 47.12%, which was nearly twice that of long-range transportation. Haze episodes were analyzed, and the results presented the importance of regional transportation during severe PM_2.5 pollution periods. It was also found that they were associated with differences in pollution sources between Zhangjiakou and Beijing. Regional transportation was the main factor affecting PM_2.5 pollution in Zhangjiakou due to its low local emissions. Stagnant weather with a low planetary boundary layer height and a low wind velocity prevented the local emitted pollutants in Beijing from being transported outside, and as a result, local emissions constituted a larger contribution in Beijing.     

流动性视角下乡村旅游地游客地方感差异分析

基于流动性理论,以400份北京居民的调查问卷为样本,分析了乡村旅游者流动中的地方感差异,从游客地方感角度为流动市场中的乡村发展寻找途径。结果表明:不同游客群体间存在明显的地方感差异,且地方感知(自然维度、人文维度、服务感知)对地方情感(地方依恋、地方忠诚)存在显著影响,地方情感对重构乡村地方、延续乡村性具有重要意义。基于研究结论,建立乡村旅游者地方感研究模型。     

北京西山国家森林公园中空气负离子浓度与气象因子的相关性研究

空气负离子(Negative air ions,NAI)是城市空气质量的重要指标之一,揭示城市森林释放NAI的影响机制,有助于充分利用NAI的净化作用及保健作用,并判断空气质量.利用北京西山国家森林公园2017年9月—2018年8月的NAI和气象数据,深入探究不同季节条件下和典型天气下影响空气负离子浓度(NAIC)的气...     

基于聚类分析的北京市空气质量时空分布研究

对北京市空气质量时空分布的研究已比较丰富,但仍缺少对北京市不同区域大气污染物变化相似性的研究.在分析北京市2018年空气污染物时空分布特征的基础上,得出污染物浓度在空间上呈现出北低南高的趋势,自然因素是造成该趋势的主要原因.分别从污染物浓度值和空气质量等级天数2个角度对北京市的大气监测站点进行聚类分析,根据2种聚类结果...     

北京市分行业能源消耗及国内外贸易隐含能研究

基于投入-产出模型,研究了北京市国民经济分行业能源的直接、间接和完全消耗特征,以及国内外贸易中隐含能的净输入、输出特征.结果表明,以石油加工和炼焦业、金属冶炼及压延加工业、非金属矿物制品业等行业为主的资源开采和加工型行业能源消耗总量、以及单位产出的直接、间接和完全能耗均较大,应该作为北京市第二产业中节能减排的重点行业.尽管建筑业、金属制品业以及各类设备、器材和机械制造业单位产出直接能耗小,但是生产过程中对各类中间投入的资源性产品消耗量大,使其单位产出间接和完全能耗较大,需要通过循环经济体系建设,加强对各类资源型中间投入产品的集约和循环利用.2007年北京市净输入隐含能超过4437.70万t标准煤,通过大量调入和进口资源开采和加工型行业产品,出口服务业和设备制造业产品,显著降低了自身的能源和环境压力.从隐含能输入来源看,国内贸易净输入隐含能占隐含能净输入总量的90.47%,远大于国际贸易,在减轻北京市能源和环境压力中发挥了更为重要的作用,但隐含能输入来源地区特别是周边省市同时也因此承受着更大的资源环境压力.有必要通过贸易结构调整、产业技术转移和扩散等,提高国际贸易隐含能净输入量所占份额,减小北京市社会经济发展所产生的区域性环境影响.     

京津冀区域霾天气特征

汇总京津冀区域内107个地面站的气象资料,利用14时实测的气象要素和天气现象资料对霾日进行判别,统计出各个站点1980~2008年中逐年及各月的霾日数.结果表明,北京、天津、河北霾天气整体变化趋势和波动特征较为相似,且均呈增加趋势,非城区站点平均霾日数明显呈增加趋势,且与市区站点霾日数的差距越来越小.京津冀区域霾日数的月际变化呈明显的双峰特征,即夏季和冬季霾日数较高.空间分布表明,霾日数高值区主要位于北京、天津、保定、石家庄、邯郸和邢台等地.多数站点霾日14时平均风速比非霾日低了1.0m/s以上,14时平均相对湿度则比非霾日高出20%以上.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils of Beijing and Tianjin region： Vertical distribution, correlation with TOC and transport mechanism

The contents and distribution of 20 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HAHs) were investigated in 16 soil profiles of Beijing and Tianjin region. Transport of high molecular weight PAHs (HMWPAHs) and the correlation between total organic carbon (TOC) and their concentrations were also discussed. The results indicated that highly contaminated sites were located at urban or wastewater irrigation areas and pollutants mainly accumulated in topsoil (< 40 cm), with a sharp content decrease at the vertical boundary of 30–40 cm. Total PAHs/HAHs concentrations in soils from Tianjin were markedly greater than those from Beijing. Even the contents at bottoms of soil profiles in Tianjin were higher than those in topsoils of Beijing soil profile. HMWPAHs dominated the PAH profiles, exhibiting a uniform distribution of pyrogenic origin between topsoils and deep layers. Furthermore, the percentages of HMWPAHs remained relative constant with the depth of soil profiles, which were consistent with the distribution of particulate matter-associated PAHs in the local atmospheric environments. Therefore, HMWPAHs transport with particulates might be the predominant source found in soil profiles.     

首都国际机场移动源大气污染物排放清单研究

根据收集到的首都国际机场飞行区活动水平数据,采用适合估算各类移动源污染物排放量的方法和排放因子,建立了2013年首都国际机场移动源排放清单。结果表明,首都国际机场2013年移动源NO_x、CO、HC、SO2和PM_(2.5)排放总量为6 287.1 t、3 596.1 t、364.2t、373.4 t和185.0 t,分别占北京市各污染物总体排放的3.4%、0.3%、0.1%、0.4%和0.2%。其中非道路移动源是各污染物排放的最大贡献源,NO_x、CO、HC、SO2和PM_(2.5)排放量的90.7%、86.7%、79.4%、97.4%和81.3%来源于飞机,中型窄体客机及大型宽体客机贡献突出。相较而言,道路移动源排放比例较低,对HC、CO、PM_(2.5)和NO_x各污染物的贡献率为9.1%、8.6%、6.7%和4.4%。通过标准LTO循环方法估算飞机逐月排放,对LTO循环次数与各污染物排放量进行拟合,发现飞机排放的HC、CO、NO_x、SO2和LTO循环次数之间呈现较为明显的正相关关系,从而提出一种本地化的基于LTO循环次数估算飞机污染气体排放量的简单方法。此外,减少滑行时间可有效降低飞机在LTO循环过程中的污染物排放。     

Concentrations of additive arsenic in Beijing pig feeds and the residues in pig manure

The swine industry in China has grown rapidly over last two decades. Great amount of pig manure is generated in China, which can be used as organic fertilizers on agricultural lands. Meanwhile, the organic arsenic compounds have been used as feed additives for swine disease control and weight improvement. Once the excessive additives are released in the environment, arsenic may compromise food safety and environmental quality. There is a growing public concern about the arsenic residues accumulation in pig manure, however, little work has been done to investigate the exact arsenic content in pig feed and the residues in manure in China This study investigates the concentrations of arsenic in 29 pig feed samples and 29 manure samples collected from eight pig farms in the Chaoyang district, Beijing city. The detected rate of arsenic in 29 couples of samples was 100%. The concentrations of arsenic in pig feeds and manures ranged from 0.15 to 37.8 mg/kg and 0.42 to 119.0 mg/kg, respectively. The result showed that arsenic concentration in pig manure will be greatly elevated when the arsenic in pig feed was largely increased. The loading rates of pig manure in fourteen Beijing counties and districts were in the range of 2.7–57.2 t/ha yr. Accordingly, the potential soil arsenic increase rates resulting from land application of pig manure might range between 11.8 and 78.9 μg/kg yr. Despite these findings, it is too early to draw the conclusion that arsenic pollution from pig manure is serious in Beijing farmland; therefore, longitudinal studies about the chemical form transformation and the environmental behaviors of pig manure arsenic are required in order to come up with more definitive conclusions.