Remote sensing of the urban heat island and its changes in Xiamen City of SE China

World-wide urbanization has significantly modified the landscape, which has important climatic implications across all scales due to the simultaneous removal of natural land cover and introduction of urban materials. This resulted in a phenomenon known as an urban heat island(UHI). A study on the UHI in Xiamen of China was carried out using remote sensing technology. Satellite thermal infrared images were used to determine surface radiant temperatures. Thermal remote sensing data were obtained from band 6 of two Landsat TM/ETM^ images of 1989 and 2000 to observe the UHI changes over l l-year period. The thermal infrared bands were processed through several image enhancement technologies. This generated two 3-dimension-perspective images of Xiamen‘s urban heat island in 1989 and 2000, respectively, and revealed heat characteristics and spatial distribution features of the UHI. To find out the change of the UHI between 1989 and 2000, the two thermal images were first normalized and scaled to seven grades to reduce seasonal difference and then overlaid to produce a difference image by subtracting corresponding pixels. The difference image showed an evident development of the urban heat island in the 11 years. This change was due largely to the urban expansion with a consequent alteration in the ratio of sensible heat flux to latent heat flux. To quantitatively compare UHI, an index called Urban-Heat-Island Ratio Index(URI) was created. It can reveal the intensity of the UHI within the urban area. The calculation of the index was based on the ratio of UHI area to urban area. The greater the index, the more intense the UHI was. The calculation of the index for the Xiamen City indicated that the ratio of UHI area to urban area in 2000 was less than that in 1989. High temperatures in several areas in 1989 were reduced or just disappeared, such as those in old downtown area and Gulangyu lsland. For the potential mitigation of the UHI in Xiamen, a long-term heat island reduction strategy of planting shade trees and using light-colored, highly reflective roof and paving materials should be included in the plans of the city planers, environmental managers and other decision-makers to improve the overall urban environment in the future.     

城市生活垃圾处理技术探讨

针对城市垃圾的迅速增长．垃圾污染问题异常尖锐的问题．介绍了中国城市生活垃圾的处理技术应用现状．分析了垃圾处理存在的一些问题．对目前常用的城市生活垃圾处理方法的优缺点进行对比分析，并提出了在未来一段时间里生活垃圾处理技术的研究方向，要彻底解决垃圾问题，仅靠各种处理技术是不够的．必须完善法律、法规；改进管理方法．加强环境监测；加大科技投入，提高技术装备水平；增加资金投入；加强宣传等。     

海口市生活垃圾碳输出研究

生活垃圾的碳输出是城市生态系统碳循环的环节之一,而且与城市环境污染密切有关.研究生活垃圾碳输出是研究城市生态系统碳循环的基础工作,还有助于分析城市居民消费的环境影响.基于实地采样和数据收集获得的生活垃圾数据,分析了海口市生活垃圾碳输出的现状和趋势.结果表明,2001年海口市26.92×10⁴t生活垃圾的碳输出量为10.51×10⁴t,每人每天生活垃圾的碳输出量为0.326kg,其中31%左右的碳在填埋方式下转化成CH₄、CO₂和渗沥水中的有机物,69%左右的碳被长期固定.在被固定的碳中,约33%的来源于大气,这说明生活垃圾可能是碳汇.1991～1999年,海口市生活垃圾碳输出呈现明显增长趋势,年均增长率为9.55%,其中,可被固定在生活垃圾中的碳量增长趋势较为明显,年增长率达到13.23%.海口市生活垃圾碳增加与人均消费支出和人口数的增加呈显著相关,表明人均消费支出和人口数对生活垃圾碳输出具有一定的影响.     

永梅会与中下扬子地区的成矿条件对比

永海会地区的区域构造、含矿地层和建造、中生代火山侵入岩体特征、局部控矿构造以及成矿物质来源、硫氢氧同位素、铅同位素、年龄同位素等成矿信息，都与扬子区、萍乐区已知铜金矿集区有许多相似之处。通过对比表明，永海会地区具有极大的找矿前应景。     

Acoustical environment of urban area related to the city development

This paper analyzes the relationship between urban development and noise pollution. The analysis, based on a wide range of measurements and statistical data,reveals the changes of the ambient noise resulting from city development. In conclusion the paper suggests some fundamental measures for improving the acoustical environment, the division of cities into functional areas and the development of a well designed road network. In addition, it is suggested that town planning, architecture and the implementation of appropriate regulations could also help to reduce noise levels.     

长江流域典型城市水生态环境特征解析及综合整治对策

以长江流域典型城市为研究对象,估算长江干流、主要支流和通江湖城市COD、氨氮、TN和TP污染排放负荷,梳理典型城市水环境质量、水生态、水资源和水安全特征。结果表明,长江流域内56个城市COD、氨氮、TN、TP的排放量分别为193.78万、15.57万、31.01万和2.18万t/a,流域内大部分城市主要污染源为城市生活源,但工业源和城市面源不容忽视。近年来,流域内城市面源排放负荷占比升高,部分城市水生态系统遭到破坏,存在水质型和资源型缺水、水资源开发利用不合理、非常规水利用率低等问题,导致部分城市仍存在水生态环境安全风险。在此基础上提出了流域内城市“十四五”时期水生态环境综合整治对策建议。

     

厦门近海海域海水二甲基硫排放通量的研究

大气环境;环境质量评价;集对分析;联系度;不确定性;      

北京地区大气中可吸入颗粒物的污染现状分析

利用2002年7月—2003年6月可吸入颗粒物(PM10)20余站点的监测资料,分析获得了北京地区PM10的浓度水平和地域分布特征。分析表明:远郊区县城关镇与市区污染水平相当;西南部和南部较其他地区污染严重;北京地区背景浓度很高,是国家标准年浓度限值的75%。这一分析结果可为颗粒物污染的进一步研究提供基础信息和建议。      

城市物质代谢及其调控

对比研究了城市系统与自然生态系统物质代谢的主要差别。从现代控制论原理出发,对城市物质代谢涉及的主要因素及其相互关系进行了结构性分类研究,建立了城市物质代谢的控制论理论模型。      

城市污水强化处理的污泥性能与生物相相关性研究

应用生物絮凝吸附技术对城市污水进行强化一级处理试验 ,对不同污泥负荷条件下污泥沉降性能及生物相的影响因素进行分析研究。