特大城市交通承载力定量模型的建立与应用

基于"机动车在驶量"构建了由路网资源、燃油供给和大气环境3个模块组成的交通承载力宏观定量模型.并选择北京市城区作为案例验证模型.结果显示,该模型能够较好的反映资源、环境与交通之间的关系.北京市城区交通承载力在2005年出行比率和平均时速23km·h-1条件下为45.35×104辆,其中轿车为29.73 × 104辆,北京市交通发展面对的直接压力是机动车在驶量偏高.     

Hydraulic model for multi-sources reclaimed water pipe network based on EPANET and its applications in Beijing, China

Water shortage is one of the major water related problems for many cities in the world. The planning for utilization of reclaimed water has been or would be drafted in these cities. For using the reclaimed water soundly, Beijing planned to build a large scale reclaimed water pipe networks with multi-sources. In order to support the plan, the integrated hydraulic model of planning pipe network was developed based on EPANET supported by geographic information system (GIS). The complicated pipe network was divided into four weak conjunction subzones according to the distribution of reclaimed water plants and the elevation. It could provide a better solution for the problem of overhigh pressure in several regions of the network. Through the scenarios analysis in different subzones, some of the initial diameter of pipes in the network was adjusted. At last the pipe network planning scheme of reclaimed water was proposed. The proposed planning scheme could reach the balances between reclaimed water requirements and reclaimed water supplies, and provided a scientific basis for the reclaimed water utilization in Beijing. Now the scheme had been adopted by Beijing municipal government.     

北京城市道路地表径流中PAHs的污染特征研究

以北京城市道路地表径流中的PAHs为研究对象,于2006年雨季在海淀区成府路和海淀路设置3个采样点采集了6场地表径流和同期雨水样品,分析了溶解相和颗粒相PAHs的浓度.对地表径流和雨水样品中PAHs的浓度特征,地表径流中PAHs在时间和空间上的变化,及辅助参数的相关性进行了探讨.结果表明,海淀路地表径流EMC值大于成府路,自行车道地表径流EMC值与机动车道相近,道路地表径流PAHs的污染程度不能仅根据车流量判断.对单场径流历时中PAHs浓度变化的分析和累积污染负荷曲线的研究均表明,道路径流初期冲刷效应并不是普遍发生的,而是受路面积尘特征和降雨条件等多种因素的影响.     

天气型对北京地区近地面臭氧的影响

臭氧(O3)是夏秋季北京城市大气光化学污染物中的首要气态污染物,气象因素是影响其浓度水平和变化规律的主要因子之一.2008年7月~2008年9月,在北京市4个站点进行了臭氧、氮氧化物(NOx)和一氧化碳(CO)浓度的同步连续观测,并对同期天气型进行了分类比对分析.结果显示,观测期间,北京地区处于低压前部(主要是蒙古气旋)和高压前部的比例分别为42%和20%,分别是造成臭氧浓度高值和低值的主要背景场.处于低压前部控制时,高温、低湿以及局地环流形成的山谷风造成区域臭氧累积,小时最大值(体积分数)高达102.2×10-9,并随气压的升高以3.4×10-9Pa-1的速率降低,山谷风风向的转变决定了臭氧浓度最大值出现时间,峰值出现在14:00左右;处于高压前部控制时,低温、高湿以及系统性北风造成区域臭氧低值,小时最大值(体积分数)仅为49.3×10-9,系统性北风将臭氧峰值出现时刻推后到16:00左右.北京地区臭氧光化学污染呈现出区域一致性,并与天气型有较好相关,关注天气型结构和演变对预报大气光化学污染具有重要意义.     

北京市交通扬尘对大气环境质量的影响

利用中尺度气象模式ARPS与空气质量模式Models-3/CMAQ的耦合模式,模拟2002年4个季节代表月份(1月、4月、8月和10月)北京市PM10浓度的时空分布.与监测数据对比分析表明,该耦合模式有很好的可靠性.设计了2种污染源情景方案,分析了北京市2002年4个季节代表月份交通扬尘对市区大气PM10的影响.结果表明,在4个代表月中,交通扬尘对北京市PM10的逐时贡献率波动较大,最高可达33%,最低为3%;交通扬尘对北京市大气PM10影响显著,4个月平均贡献率分别为16.73%、12.92%、18.56%和18.17%,平均贡献浓度分别为27.61 μg/m3、32.80 μg/m3、25.20 μg/m3和24.40 μg/m3.此外,依据模拟结果,结合交通扬尘污染特征与治理现状,提出了北京市交通扬尘的初步治理方案.     

Carbonaceous aerosols in PM10 and pollution gases in winter in Beijing

An intensive observation of organic carbon (OC) and element carbon (EC) in PM10 and gaseous materials (SO2, CO, and O3,) was conducted continuously to assess the characteristics of wintertime carbonaceous aerosols in an urban area of Beijing, China. Results showed that the averaged total carbon (TC) and PM10 concentrations in observation period are 30.2±120.4 and 172.6±198.3 μ/m3, respectively. Average OC concentration in nighttime (24.9±19.6 μ/m3) was 40% higher than that in daytime (17.7±10.9 μ/m3). Average EC concentrations in daytime (8.8±15.2 μ/m3) was close to that in nighttime (8.9±15.1 μ/m3). The OC/EC ratios in nighttime ranging from 2.4 to 2.7 are higher than that in daytime ranging from 1.9 to 2.0. The concentrations of OC, EC, PM10 were low with strong winds and high with weak winds. The OC and EC were well correlated with PM10, CO and SO2, which implies they have similar sources. OC and EC were not well correlated with O3. By considering variation of OC/EC ratios in daytime and night time, correlations between OC and O3, and meteorological condition, we speculated that OC and EC in Beijing PM10 were emitted as the primary particulate form. Emission of motor vehicle with low OC/EC ratio and coal combustion sources with high OC/EC ratio are probably the dominant sources for carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing in winter. A simple method was used to estimate the relative contribution of sources to carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing PM10. Motor vehicle source accounts for 80% and 68%, while coal combustion accounts for 20% and 32% in daytime and nighttime, respectively in Beijing. Averagely, the motor vehicle and coal combustion accounted for 74% and 26%, respectively, for carbonaceous aerosols during the observation period. It points to the motor vehicle is dominant emission for carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing PM10 in winter period, which should be paid attention to control high level of PM10 in Beijing effectively.     

京津冀区域气溶胶中无机水溶性离子污染特征分析

在北京、天津、石家庄、承德城区和北京上甸子区域本底站共设置5个采样点,2009～2010年分季节采集环境PM<,2.5>,并分析其中的无机水溶性离子,进而研究京津冀区域气溶胶中离子组分的污染特征.研究表明,京津冀PM<,2.5>污染较重,北京、天津和石家庄年均浓度均超过了100 μg/m<'3>;5个站点二次离子(SO...     

北京市典型交通环境空气甲醛污染特征研究

对北京市交通微环境(轿车内)、西三环和增光路等典型道路交通环境以及紫竹院公园非交通环境空气甲醛浓度进行监测分析,解析交通环境空气甲醛污染特征。结果显示:对于交通微环境存在早晚甲醛浓度暴露峰值。典型道路交通环境甲醛浓度明显高于非交通环境甲醛浓度,西三环中路测试甲醛平均浓度为对应时段紫竹院公园环境甲醛浓度的1.7倍。甲醛浓度与道路交通流量有着明显的正相关,不同类型道路甲醛时间分布规律与车流量的时间分布规律一致,呈现早晚峰值。     

城市生活垃圾生命周期分析及处理规划研究

生活垃圾处理规划是城市环境规划重要组成部分,为城市垃圾管理提供行动依据。本文以北京市为例,基于生活垃圾生命周期全过程的环境影响分析和资源化率核算,提出北京市生活垃圾优化处理框架,并纳入垃圾处理规划体系。结果表明规划方案优化了垃圾处理系统,环境影响可降低22％,资源化率可提高60％。     

北京机动车尾气排放特征研究

近年来随着机动车保有量的快速增加,北京市机动车排放污染受到越来越多的关注。本研究应用COPERTⅣ模型计算了北京不同类型机动车排放因子,根据保有量和年均行驶里程等基础数据计算了2009年机动车尾气污染物排放量;调查了北京典型道路车流量和车辆运行速度等参数,计算机动车尾气排放强度,得出了典型道路不同污染物的综合排放因子;应用COPERTⅣ模型分析了车速对不同污染物排放的影响,将基于G IS的机动车活动强度、行驶速度和排放因子结合在一起,得到了北京机动车尾气排放网格分布清单。结果表明:CO排放量为71.58×104t,HC排放量为7.95×104t,NOx排放量为8.77×104t,PM排放量为0.38×104t。北京城区高峰小时CO排放量为143.9 t/h,HC排放量为18.6 t/h,NOx排放量为12.5/h,PM10排放量为1.14 t/h。