北京市水环境中精神活性物质污染特征

为评价北京市水环境中精神活性物质的污染水平和生态环境风险,利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用法检测了该地区地表水和地下水中6种典型精神活性物质[甲基苯丙胺(METH)、苯丙胺(AMP)、氯胺酮(KET)、麻黄碱(EPH)、甲卡西酮(MC)和羟亚胺(HY)]的质量浓度.结果表明,北京市地表水中共检测出3种目标药物,其质量浓度范围为低于检出限n.d.~70.9ng·L~(-1).EPH的检出频率和质量浓度平均值最高,分别为42%和10.1 ng·L~(-1);其次为METH,检出频率为25%,质量浓度平均值为1.8 ng·L~(-1).地下水样品中只检测到了AMP,检出频率21%,质量浓度水平在n.d.~2.2 ng·L~(-1)之间.与国内外其他研究相比,北京市水环境中精神活性物质的污染浓度总体处于较低水平.METH和EPH浓度最高值均出现在北京市第二大排污河和南城主要污灌渠凉水河.风险评估结果显示,北京市地表水中6种目标药物的风险熵值均小于0.10,表明存在较低的环境风险,但考虑到精神活性物质具有较强的生物活性,它们对水生生态系统的长期和综合风险值得关注.     

北京市灰水足迹评价

北京市属于重度资源型缺水地区,加上严重的水污染情况,使得水问题成为制约当地社会经济发展和生态安全的关键性因素。研究采用灰水足迹理念将北京市1995-2009年间不同部门产生的污染物以"稀释水"的形式进行量化。研究表明:①北京市2009年灰水足迹为49.5×10⁸ m³,约为北京当年水资源量的2.3倍;②生活部门的灰水足迹最大,农业部门次之,工业部门的灰水足迹最小;③北京市灰水足迹呈现逐年下降的趋势,农业、生活和工业部门的灰水足迹在1995-2009年间分别下降了45%、62%和93%;④虽然北京市灰水足迹逐年减小,水体水质却呈现逐年恶化的趋势,剩余灰水足迹(即灰水足迹与水资源的差值)累积值的增加,是北京市水质逐年恶化的直接原因。严格控制灰水足迹是实现水环境总体改善的重要途径。     

北京市公共交通环境多环芳烃的个体暴露特征

对北京市3种典型交通环境下PM_2.5中PAHs(多环芳烃)的污染水平、来源及其暴露健康风险进行了研究. 于2011年12月利用颗粒物个体暴露采样器采集北京市道路边、公共汽车、地铁等不同交通环境下的PM_2.5样品,采用GC-MS测定ρ(PAHs),结合PAHs组成特征以及特征化合物比值等鉴别PAHs来源,根据苯并芘等效毒性(BEQ)、等效致癌浓度(BaPE)及致癌风险等参数评估PAHs呼吸暴露的健康风险. 结果显示:①观测期间,北京市道路边、公共汽车和地铁内ρ(∑PAHs)平均值分别为(120±119)、(101±46.6)、(50.8±25.6)ng/m3;②3种交通环境下PAHs特征成分谱相似,ρ(荧蒽)/[ρ(荧蒽)+ρ(芘)]、ρ(茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘)/[ρ(茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘)+ρ(苯并[g,h,i]苝)]均大于0.5,ρ(苯并蒽)/[ρ(苯并蒽)+ρ()]大于0.35,表明机动车尾气和燃煤排放是北京冬季3种交通环境下PAHs的重要贡献源;③分别采用美国加州环境保护局(California Environment Protection Agency,CalEPA)和世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)方法计算致癌风险可知,2种方法计算的道路边PAHs的致癌风险(19.8×10-6、15.6×10-4)最高,约为公共汽车及地铁内的1.4和3.6倍;④道路边与公共汽车内的PAHs在PM_2.5中更为富集,道路边PAHs污染水平及健康风险在高ρ(PM_2.5)环境下增加显著.      

Chemical characterization of size-resolved aerosols in four seasons and hazy days in the megacity Beijing of China

Size-resolved aerosol samples were collected by MOUDI in four seasons in 2007 in Beijing. The PM10 and PM1.8mass concentrations were 166.0 ± 120.5 and 91.6 ± 69.7 μg/m~3, respectively,throughout the measurement, with seasonal variation: nearly two times higher in autumn than in summer and spring. Serious fine particle pollution occurred in winter with the PM1.8/PM10 ratio of 0.63, which was higher than other seasons. The size distribution of PM showed obvious seasonal and diurnal variation, with a smaller fine mode peak in spring and in the daytime. OM(organic matter = 1.6 × OC(organic carbon)) and SIA(secondary inorganic aerosol) were major components of fine particles, while OM, SIA and Ca_2+were major components in coarse particles. Moreover, secondary components, mainly SOA(secondary organic aerosol) and SIA,accounted for 46%–96% of each size bin in fine particles, which meant that secondary pollution existed all year. Sulfates and nitrates, primarily in the form of(NH_4)_2SO_4, NH_4NO_3, Ca SO_4, Na_2SO_4 and K_2SO_4, calculated by the model ISORROPIA II, were major components of the solid phase in fine particles. The PM concentration and size distribution were similar in the four seasons on non-haze days, while large differences occurred on haze days, which indicated seasonal variation of PM concentration and size distribution were dominated by haze days. The SIA concentrations and fractions of nearly all size bins were higher on haze days than on non-haze days, which was attributed to heterogeneous aqueous reactions on haze days in the four seasons.     

APEC会议期间北京机动车排放控制效果评估

机动车尾气排放是影响北京市大气环境质量的首要因素,为了保障APEC期间的空气质量,北京市采取了包括控制机动车排放在内的严格的控制措施.本研究基于路网车流量、车速和车型变化数据,提出了一种基于自下而上排放清单的控制措施效果评估方法.结果表明,APEC会议期间北京市路网车流量下降,车速上升,小客车的车流量下降幅度最大;APEC会议期间机动车尾气CO、NO_x、HC和PM排放削减比例分别为:快速路15.1%、22.4%、18.4%和21.8%,主干道29.9%、36.4%、32.7%和35.8%,次干道35.7%、41.7%、38.4%和41.2%,支路40.8%、46.5%、43.1%和46.0%.基于自下而上的排放清单方法,建立了APEC会前和会期的机动车尾气排放清单,结果显示研究区域内会期机动车尾气排放量CO、NO_x、HC和PM排放量分别削减37.5%、43.4%、39.9%和42.9%.     

Two alternative modes for di use pollution control in Wuhan City Zoo

Pollution in urban zoos arises from diffuse and small point sources. However, its control has received little attention in past decades. Online and ofttine modes of ecological engineering technology were designed to control pollution from small point and diffuse sources in Wuhan City Zoo, China. Their characteristics and performances were investigated in sixteen runoff events from 2003 to 2005. The results showed that the two modes both improved runoff water quality and had high retention rates for water and pollutants. In the outflows, the event mean concentrations （EMCs） of total suspended solids （TSS）, chemical oxygen demand （COD）, total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorus （TP） were reduced by 88%, 59%, 46% and 71% for the online mode, and those were 77%, 42%, 50% and 66% for the ofttine mode. The annual retention rates of pollutant loads for the online mode were 94.9%-98.5% in the three study years; those for the ofitine mode were 70.5%-86.4%. Based on calculation, the online mode was able to store the runoff of 66.7 mm rainfall completely, and the ofttine mode could store that of 31.3 mm rainfall. In addition, the online mode can provide an effective way for rainwater utilization and good habitats for aquatic wildlives, and has an excellent aesthetics value for recreationsal pastimes. The ofiline mode can save land resources and may be an effective and economical measure for diffuse pollution control in urban areas.     

北京西山大气降水中D和18O组成变化及水汽来源

论文利用北京西山鹫峰地区2011年7月—2012年7月观测站点内大气降水δD和δ¹⁸O数据,研究了北京西山山前丘陵区降水稳定同位素的变化特征。结果表明：研究区的大气降雨δD和δ¹⁸O的平均值要低于中国和全球降水同位素的平均值,并与北京地区的降水同位素组成平均值之间显示出较大的差异,且同一个月份内降水的同位素特征也具有较大的变化范围。由于季风气候以及局地水汽循环的共同影响,使得夏季降水中的δD和δ¹⁸O值较小,并且在4—7月随着月降水量的增加和温度的升高,在温度效应和降雨量效应的交互作用中,降雨量效应此时起主导作用,月均δD和δ¹⁸O值呈现减小的趋势,而在7—9月,温度效应呈现出主导作用,δD和 δ¹⁸O值呈现增加的趋势,而冬季来自偏北风的大陆性气团形成的降水δD和δ¹⁸O值较大。同时局地水汽循环过程中降水的二次蒸发,也导致在典型长历时场降水过程中δD和δ¹⁸O值呈现出分段波动式下降的特征。研究区大气降水线方程为 δD = 7.17 δ¹⁸O + 1.46,斜率和截距小于全球和中国大气降水线方程,而与北京地区大气降水线方程的对比发现,斜率差异较小而截距差异明显,说明海洋水汽不是研究区唯一的水汽来源,同时受到大陆性气团以及局地较强的水汽循环和北京地区近年的干旱化过程的影响。而氘盈余的年内变化的无规律则间接反映了研究区水汽来源的复杂性。     

2000~2010北京大气重污染研究

根据北京市环境保护局公布的大气污染数据及气象部门公布的气象资料,用时间序列分析法对空气污染指数大于200的大气重污染做了系统分析.结果表明,北京大气重污染可分为静稳积累型、沙尘型、复合型以及特殊型4个类型,2000~2010年各类型发生次数分别为69、53、23、6次.从季节分布看,北京大气重污染主要集中在春季和秋冬季,其中春季以沙尘型为主,而秋冬季大部分为静稳积累型.从年际变化看,21世纪初期沙尘天气活跃,造成了北京大气重污染的高峰期,2003~2005年大气重污染有所回落,2006年受沙尘天气明显增多及大规模奥运建设的共同影响,北京大气重污染再次出现明显峰值;2007年北京沙尘天气明显减少,但静稳积累型重污染相对突出;2008年奥运减排措施效果显著,全市静稳积累型重污染降至历史最低,其后则呈缓慢上升趋势.大气重污染既呈现区域共性,也受局地环境影响.定陵站大气重污染全部为沙尘型;近年来随着首钢的减产、搬迁,石景山区古城站大气重污染明显减少;而受周边大规模城市建设影响,奥体站大气重污染表现相对突出.     

Levels, sources and health risks of carbonyls and BTEX in the ambient air of Beijing, China

The atmospheric concentrations of carbonyls and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m,p-xylene and o-xylene) were measured simultaneously at a same sampling site in Beijing from September 2008 to August 2010. The average concentrations of the total measured carbonyls during autumn, winter, spring, and summer were 37.7, 31.3, 39.7, 50.5 μg/m³, respectively, and maximal values for their diurnal variations usually happened at noontime. In contrast to carbonyls, the average concentrations of the total measured BTEX during the four seasons were 27.2, 31.9, 23.2, 19.1 μg/m³, respectively, and minimal values for their diurnal variations always occurred in the early afternoon. The average concentration for carbonyls increased about 24% from September 2008-August 2009 to September 2009-August 2010, for BTEX, increased about 15%. Integrated life time cancer risks for three carcinogens (benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde) in Beijing exceeded the value of 1E-06, and the hazard quotient (HQ) of non-cancer risk of exposure to formaldehyde exceeded unity.     

北京市夏季不同O3和PM2.5污染状况研究

从天气背景场、气象要素、前体物和PM_(2.5)化学组分、气团运动轨迹以及大气氧化性等方面对北京市夏季两种不同的O_3和PM_(2.5)污染状况进行了分析.结果表明,O_3达到中度污染而PM_(2.5)浓度优良(O_3和PM_(2.5)一高一低)污染状况的天气形势场为:高空为偏西北气流,地面受高压后部控制;而O_3和PM_(2.5)同时达到中度污染(O_3和PM_(2.5)两高)的天气形势场为:高空为偏西气流,地面受低压控制.与O_3和PM_(2.5)一高一低污染状况相比,O_3和PM_(2.5)两高时的气象要素特征为:偏南风更为明显和相对湿度更高.O_3和PM_(2.5)两高时污染物浓度演变特征为,O_3和PM_(2.5)的起始浓度较高,PM_(2.5)日变化特征更为明显,而O_3平均浓度却低于O_3和PM_(2.5)一高一低的污染状况.前体物、大气氧化性以及PM_(2.5)化学组分分析的结果表明,较高的起始浓度在不利气象条件下的积累和吸湿增长以及当天较大偏南风造成的区域传输可能是造成O_3和PM_(2.5)两高污染状况中PM_(2.5)浓度达到四级中度污染的主要原因.