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111.
Benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) is a commonly used indicator for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination. The use of certain phytochemicals and some polyphenolic compounds proved to be effective in blocking PAH-induced effects. The aim of the present study was to examine the possible inhibitory effects of ellagic acid (EA), present in berries and nuts, against B(a)P-mediated toxicity using in vitro and in vivo test systems. In vitro method included the Ames test, using Salmonella typhimurium tester strain TA100. In vivo experiments were based on mouse bone marrow micronucleus (MN) assay and immunoblotting. EA produced a decrease in the number of revertant colonies against B(a)P in the Ames assay. Further, there was a reduction in the mean number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in the presence of EA in the co-treatment protocol of the MN test. Western blotting results showed downregulation of CYP450 isoform CYP1A1 which prevented bioactivation of B(a)P. Thus, the present study demonstrates antimutagenic role played by EA against the mutagenic activity of B(a)P in both in vitro and in vivo systems. 相似文献
112.
Jacob Heilmann‐Clausen Elizabeth S. Barron Lynne Boddy Anders Dahlberg Gareth W. Griffith Jenni Nordén Otso Ovaskainen Claudia Perini Beatrice Senn‐Irlet Panu Halme 《Conservation biology》2015,29(1):61-68
Hitherto fungi have rarely been considered in conservation biology, but this is changing as the field moves from addressing single species issues to an integrative ecosystem‐based approach. The current emphasis on biodiversity as a provider of ecosystem services throws the spotlight on the vast diversity of fungi, their crucial roles in terrestrial ecosystems, and the benefits of considering fungi in concert with animals and plants. We reviewed the role of fungi in ecosystems and composed an overview of the current state of conservation of fungi. There are 5 areas in which fungi can be readily integrated into conservation: as providers of habitats and processes important for other organisms; as indicators of desired or undesired trends in ecosystem functioning; as indicators of habitats of conservation value; as providers of powerful links between human societies and the natural world because of their value as food, medicine, and biotechnological tools; and as sources of novel tools and approaches for conservation of megadiverse organism groups. We hope conservation professionals will value the potential of fungi, engage mycologists in their work, and appreciate the crucial role of fungi in nature. Una Perspectiva Micótica de la Biología de la Conservación 相似文献
113.
Abstract: Successful protection of biodiversity requires increased understanding of the ecological characteristics that predispose some species to endangerment. Theory posits that species with polymorphic or variable coloration should have larger distributions, use more diverse resources, and be less vulnerable to population declines and extinctions, compared with taxa that do not vary in color. We used information from literature on 194 species of Australian frogs to search for associations of coloration mode with ecological variables. In general, species with variable or polymorphic color patterns had larger ranges, used more habitats, were less prone to have a negative population trend, and were estimated as less vulnerable to extinction compared with nonvariable species. An association of variable coloration with lower endangerment was also evident when we controlled statistically for the effects of range size. Nonvariable coloration was not a strong predictor of endangerment, and information on several characteristics is needed to reliably identify and protect species that are prone to decline and may become threatened by extinction in the near future. Analyses based on phylogenetic‐independent contrasts did not support the hypothesis that evolutionary transitions between nonvariable and variable or polymorphic coloration have been accompanied by changes in the ecological variables we examined. Irrefutable demonstration of a role of color pattern variation in amphibian decline and in the dynamics and persistence of populations in general will require a manipulative experimental approach. 相似文献
114.
Charlotte N. Legind Stefan Trapp 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(3):778-785
Exposure to chemicals via diet is a major uptake pathway for many compounds but is often estimated in a rather generic way. We use a new model framework (NMF) with crop-specific models to predict the dietary intake by 4-5-year-old children and 14-75-year-old women of three environmental compounds from their background concentrations in soil and air. Calculated daily intakes of benzo(a)pyrene and 2,3,7,8-TCDD are in good agreement with measured results from diet studies. The major source of both compounds in human diet is deposition from air. Inhalation of air and ingestion of soil play a minor role. Children take up more than twice the amount than adults per kg bodyweight, due to higher consumption per kg bodyweight. Contrary, the methods for indirect human exposure suggested in the Technical Guidance Document (TGD) for chemical risk assessment in the EU lead to overprediction, due to unrealistic consumption data and a false root model. 相似文献
115.
兰州市大气中苯并(a)芘与儿童尿中1-羟基芘的分析及风险评价 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
对兰州市不同区域空气中苯并(a)芘和儿童尿液中1-羟基芘同步采样,分别采用气相色谱-质谱联用法和高效液相色谱法进行检测.结果表明:不同区域苯并(a)芘浓度有显著差别,研究区日均浓度约为对照区日均浓度的两倍.冬季大气中的浓度明显高于夏季,其中研究区冬季均值约为夏季的26.46倍,对照区冬季均值约为夏季的29.41倍.儿童尿中1-羟基芘的浓度与空气中苯并(a)芘的浓度呈一致的变化,冬季研究区儿童尿中1-羟基芘的均值为0.86μmol·(mol肌酐)-1,对照区为0.63μmol·(mol肌酐)-1.冬季研究区儿童的终生超额危险度最高,达到2.32×10-4,接近不可接受水平. 相似文献
116.
Biological sulfate removal from acrylic fiber manufacturing wastewater using a two-stage UASB reactor 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A two-stage UASB reactor was employed to remove sulfate from acrylic fiber manufacturing wastewater. Mesophilic operation (35±0.5℃) was performed with hydraulic retention time (HRT) varied between 28 and 40 hr. Mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) in the reactor was maintained about 8000 mg/L. The results indicated that sulfate removal was enhanced with increasing the ratio of COD/SO42-. At low COD/SO42-, the growth of the sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) was carbon-limited. The optimal sulfate removal efficiencies were 75% when the HRT was no less than 38 hr. Sulfidogenesis mainly happened in the sulfate-reducing stage, while methanogenesis in the methane-producing stage. Microbes in sulfate-reducing stage performed granulation better than that in methane-producing stage. Higher extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) content in sulfate-reducing stage helped to adhere and connect the flocculent sludge particles together. SRB accounted for about 31% both in sulfate-reducing stage and methane-producing stage at COD/SO42- ratio of 0.5, while it dropped dramatically from 34% in sulfate-reducing stage to 10% in methane-producing stage corresponding to the COD/SO42- ratio of 4.7. SRB and MPA were predominant in sulfate-reducing stage and methane-producing stage respectively. 相似文献
117.
ELIZABETH B. HARPER TRACY A. G. RITTENHOUSE RAYMOND D. SEMLITSCH 《Conservation biology》2008,22(5):1205-1215
Abstract: Much of the biodiversity associated with isolated wetlands requires aquatic and terrestrial habitat to maintain viable populations. Current federal wetland regulations in the United States do not protect isolated wetlands or extend protection to surrounding terrestrial habitat. Consequently, some land managers, city planners, and policy makers at the state and local levels are making an effort to protect these wetland and neighboring upland habitats. Balancing human land‐use and habitat conservation is challenging, and well‐informed land‐use policy is hindered by a lack of knowledge of the specific risks of varying amounts of habitat loss. Using projections of wood frog (Rana sylvatica) and spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) populations, we related the amount of high‐quality terrestrial habitat surrounding isolated wetlands to the decline and risk of extinction of local amphibian populations. These simulations showed that current state‐level wetland regulations protecting 30 m or less of surrounding terrestrial habitat are inadequate to support viable populations of pool‐breeding amphibians. We also found that species with different life‐history strategies responded differently to the loss and degradation of terrestrial habitat. The wood frog, with a short life span and high fecundity, was most sensitive to habitat loss and isolation, whereas the longer‐lived spotted salamander with lower fecundity was most sensitive to habitat degradation that lowered adult survival rates. Our model results demonstrate that a high probability of local amphibian population persistence requires sufficient terrestrial habitat, the maintenance of habitat quality, and connectivity among local populations. Our results emphasize the essential role of adequate terrestrial habitat to the maintenance of wetland biodiversity and ecosystem function and offer a means of quantifying the risks associated with terrestrial habitat loss and degradation. 相似文献
118.
Estimation of the maximal population frequency of “alien” biotypes taking into account a priori data
L. A. Zhivotovsky A. A. Pomortsev E. V. Lyalina B. A. Kalabushkin V. A. Pukhal’skii 《Russian Journal of Ecology》2005,36(2):89-92
A method is described for calculating the probability that the percentage of alien biotypes is higher than a specified threshold (e.g., 5%) in a population in which a certain number of alien biotypes has been found preliminarily. The method is based on the Bayesian approach; it assumes that the researcher has preliminary (a priori) information on the frequency of these biotypes. This a priori information makes it possible to estimate the aforementioned probability more accurately than is possible with the use of the standard binomial estimation. The method is illustrated by the results of the estimation of cultivar purity in batches of stock and foundation seeds of spring barley with the use of protein markers.Translated from Ekologiya, No. 2, 2005, pp. 106–109.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Zhivotovsky, Pomortsev, Lyalina, Kalabushkin, Pukhalskii. 相似文献
119.
基于水体固有光学特性的太湖浮游植物色素的定量反演 总被引:13,自引:5,他引:8
基于2005-05~2005-08对太湖全湖不同湖区92个样点吸收系数、光束衰减系数、后向散射系数等固有光学特性测定与计算,选择色素浓度反演的最佳波段组合,利用反射率比建立了太湖叶绿素a,叶绿素a与脱镁叶绿素的定量反演模型.结果表明,全湖4次采样叶绿素a、脱镁叶绿素的变化范围分别为3.9~149.8μg·L-1、均值为(38.14±28.89)μg·L-1;0~45.8μg·L-1、均值为(8.49±7.24)μg·L-1,存在很大空间差异,湖心区和草型湖区的东太湖、胥口湾、贡湖湾色素浓度一般要低于其他湖区.同样吸收系数和后向散射系数也存在很大的空间差异,at(440)的变化范围为0.86~23.25 m-1、均值为(6.21±3.31)m-1,bt(550)的变化范围0.05~2.25m-1、均值为(0.72±0.52)m-1,东太湖、胥口湾、贡湖湾的值要低于其他湖区.400~650nm随波长增加总吸收系数大致呈下降趋势,680nm附近存在1个峰值,峰值的强弱与水体中色素浓度有关,而到720nm以后则逐渐增加,后向散射系数随波长增加则逐渐降低.反射率比R(706)/R(682)能较好地用于太湖色素浓度的反演,叶绿素a、叶绿素a与脱镁叶绿素之和幂函数反演的决定系数R2分别达0.823、0.864 5.模型能用于包括湖面反射率受湖底和沉水植物影响的全太湖. 相似文献
120.
分析了当前我国安全评价中存在的问题,探讨一种企业实用的安全综合评价方法.介绍该方法的评价原理、程序和步骤,总结该评价方法的功能、特点和适用范围,提出改进方向. 相似文献