节理边坡的稳定性评价

本文在评价用传统方法即赤平极射投影和实体比例投影方法分析节理边坡稳定性的基础上,结合具体工程实例引进了优势结构面的确定、岩体破坏模式的运动学判释、可移动块体的几何判定和关键块体的确定等方法, 使传统方法得到拓宽和完善,从而具有更好的适用性和可操作性。     

Adsorption and partition of benzo(a)pyrene on sediments with different particle sizes from the Yellow River

Experiments have been carried out to study the sorption of Benzo(a)pyrene(Bap) on sediment particles from the Yellow River using a batch equilibration technique. Effects of particle size on the adsorption and partition of Bap were investigated with the particle content of 3 g/L. Several significant results were obtained from the study. (1) Isotherms of Bap could be fitted with the dual adsorption-partition model under different particle sizes, and the measured value of the adsorption and partition was in agreement with the theoretical value of the dual adsorption-partition model. (2) When the particle diameter was d ⩾ 0.025 mm, the adsorption was predominant in the sorption of Bap, which accounted for 68.7%–82.4% of the sorption. For the particles with the size of 0.007 mm⩽d<0.025 mm, the adsorption was predominant when the equilibrium concentration of Bap was 0–8.87 μg/L in the water phase; and the partition was predominant when the equilibrium concentration of Bap was higher than 8.87 μg/L in the water phase. When the particle diameter was d<0.007 mm, the partition was predominant. (3) On the point of particle size, the contribution of adsorption to sorption followed the order: “d⩾0.025 mm”>“0.007 mm ⩽d<0.025 mm” >“d<0.007 mm”. (4) The partition coefficients of Bap in solids with different particle sizes were linearly correlated with the organic content, and the K _oc of Bap was about 1.26 × 10⁵ (L/kg). Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2006, 26(2): 269–274 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

环境监测计量认证和实验室认可合并评审的思考

以射阳县环境监测站通过合并评审为例,分析了合并评审的社会环境、政策环境,阐述了合并评审应注意的4个环节,对基层环境监测、计量认证和实验室认可的合并评审工作,具有一定的借鉴价值.     

移民环境容量有关问题的探讨

叙述了移民环境容量研究的意义，探讨了移民环境容量研究工作中存在的问题，并定义了移民环境容量，最后，提出移民环境容量的研究方法和工作程序。     

上海市环境空气中多环芳烃与苯并[a]芘的监测分析

对实施汽油无铅化前后上海市环境空气中苯并[a]芘和多环芳烃的浓度变化进行了追踪研究。用中流量总悬浮颗粒物采样器、超细玻璃纤维滤膜连续3季(1999-2000年的春、秋、夏)监测了3个监测点环境空气中7组8种多环芳烃{(PAHs)-苯并[a]芘(BaP)、荧蒽(FLT)、苯并[a]蒽(BAA)、屈(CRY)、苯并[b]荧蒽(BBF)、苯并[k]荧蒽(BKF)、二苯并[a,h]蒽(DBA)和苯并[ghi]苝(BGP)}的浓度,并用高效液相色谱法进行分析,共获得81个PAHs的数据。结果表明,PAHs和BaP的浓度与监测点位车流量相关,呈现规律为秋>春>夏。BaP的最大值出现在交通繁忙区,为7.3ng/m3;次大值出现在交通与商业混合区,为6ng/m3;清洁对照点出现的最大值为4.3ng/m3,是27个样品中的第3高值。在3季监测的样本中,3个相同的最小值(0.1ng/m3)均出现在清洁对照点。BBF和BGP的浓度在每一季节、每个点上都达到最高值和次高值,而DBA和BaP浓度则出现最低值和次低值。通过与历史数据的比较,论述了上海市环境空气中BaP污染形成原因、影响因素以及控制对策。研究表明,20世纪80年代以来,上海通过调整城市工业布局、老城区拆迁、实行无燃煤区和基本无燃煤区等政策,以及推行中小燃煤锅炉改造(包括除尘技术、设备的进步和效率的提高)和市区居民生活100％燃气化等多项措施,先后关闭     

苏东坡治理河湖环境和赏石轶事

北宋大文豪苏东坡,曾先后任近十个州的地方官,为官清廉,勤政爱民,为百姓做好事。在徐州抗洪修堤、杭州治理西湖、颖州疏浚沟渠,受到百姓爱戴,堪称为古代一位水利专家。他还喜爱赏玩奇岩怪石,如砚石、仇池石、雪浪石等,也是古代一位赏石家。     

Chemical recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (pet) by hydrolysis and glycolysis

In this paper we review an interesting method of PET recycling, i.e. chemical recycling; it is based on the concept of depolymerizing the condensation polymer through solvolytic chain cleavage into low molecular products which can be purified and reused as raw materials for the production of high-quality chemical products. In this work our attention is confined to the hydrolysis (neutral, acid and alkaline) and glycolysis processes of PET chemical recycling; operating conditions and mechanism of each method are reported and described. The neutral hydrolysis has an auto accelerating character; two kinetic models have been proposed: an half-order and a second order kinetic model. The acid hydrolysis could be explained by a modified shrinking core model under chemical reaction control and the alkaline hydrolysis by a first-order model with respect to hydroxide ion concentration. To describe glycolysis, two different kinetic models have been proposed where EG can act or not as internal catalyst. Further experimental and theoretical investigations are required to shed light on the promising processes of PET chemical recycling reviewed in this work.     

污水排放的远程监视监测系统

本文介绍了由环保部门通过电脑远程监视、监测所属企业污水排放的情况 ,并在电脑上自动记录各项监测的数据 ,当有某项数据超标时能即时声音报警的污水排放远程监视监测系统的设计方案     

Relationships between indoor and outdoor air pollution by carcinogenic PAHs and PCBs

PAHs and PCBs were collected simultaneously indoors and outdoors at eight non-smoking homes located in four buildings in high-traffic areas of Rome. The purpose was to evaluate the relevance of indoor air in contributing to the overall exposure of the urban population. The vertical distribution was also investigated by collecting outdoor samples at both road and roof level, and indoor samples in both a high and a low floor flat of each building. At one coal-heated building, samples were collected during both the heating and the non-heating season. No evident PAH source was present indoors. Indoor and outdoor daily concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) ranged, respectively, 0.1–4.6 ng m⁻³ and 0.7–2.3 ng m⁻³. With the heating on, indoor PAH concentrations equalled or exceeded those outdoors, with BaP indoor/outdoor ratios up to 4; during the warm season, ratios decreased to 0.2–0.6. Indoor PAHs at the low floors exceeded the high-floor ones when the heating was off (vehicle exhausts being the dominant source), while being equal or lower with the heating on; the vertical gradient of indoor PAHs between different floors was within a factor of 2. Outdoor PAHs at roof level were 20–70% of those at road level, which in turn exceeded those at the medium-traffic station up to a factor of 4. The outdoor concentrations of Σ6 indicator PCBs ranged 0.1–1.6 ng m⁻³. Indoor PCB concentrations exceeded those outdoors by an approximate factor of 2–50. No vertical gradient was observed. The results indicated that indoor air may contribute to the overall exposure to PAHs and PCBs more than the urban air. They were also consistent with recent findings suggesting that indoor air can be a relevant source of PCBs for outdoor air.     

高等植物对甲醇的释放和利用

植物可向大气中释放一种挥发性的有机气体——甲醇,同时对这种气体可加以利用。在详细阐述甲醇的产生、释放和可能的代谢机制的基础上,通过不同浓度的甲醇溶液喷施牡丹叶片,测定其对光合作用过程及叶绿素荧光参数变化的影响。结果表明,光合作用有较大改善:光合速率明显提高,气孔导度增加,叶内CO2浓度也有一定幅度改善。叶绿素荧光参数(qN和NPQ)以及电子传递速率(ETR)发生较大改变;Fm/Fo,Fv/Fo和ΦPSII的下降可能与甲醇对牡丹叶片的双向效应(促进性和毒性)有关,这取决于喷施的浓度、次数和时间。初步的结果显示:甲醇提高光合作用速率的同时,并没有伴随光合效率和机能的改善和提高。期间的气孔导度和胞内CO2浓度的提高以及非辐射能耗散(qN和NPQ)和光呼吸的降低可能是牡丹叶片光合作用速率提高的主要原因。