污灌--城市污水资源化的有效途径

以徐州市为例，论述了在干旱缺水而经济又欠发达地区，可在做好污染源治理及完善城市基础设施的基础上，合理地将城市污水用于发展农、林业，即有效地利用了水资源，又将产生相应的经济效益；不仅有效地保护了地表水环境，而且为污水处理后的去向寻找了新的出路，可谓一举多得。     

污水处理工程的防腐初探

污水处理工程在运行中经常受到气、液相腐蚀介质的破坏,严重地影响其使用功能和结构安全。该文从理论上介绍了钢筋混凝土构筑物及设备在各种条件下的腐蚀现象和防腐机理,提出了防腐应从设计到施工进行综合防治的想法,并通过工程实例加以说明。     

蘑菇湖水库浮游植物与富营养化关系初探

根据在蘑菇湖一个水文年度进行的7次调查结果,研究了蘑菇湖浮游植物群落生态学的主要变化(包括数量、种类组成、优势种类、季节变化、多样性指数和初级生产力),年平均总数为1138万个/升,年数量变动曲线为夏季的一个蓝藻高峰,而且数量大,延续时间长,冬季以蓝藻和绿藻占优势,夏季转为以蓝藻、硅藻占优势。结果表明,蘑菇湖的富营养化现象在调查的14个月中都存在。     

El Niño‐Southern Oscillation,rainfall variability and sustainable agricultural development in the Ho Municipality,Ghana

El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which occurs in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean, has been identified to have significant influence on rainfall variability throughout the world, especially in the tropics. Such variability in rainfall has implications for agrarian economies, such as that in Ghana. This study therefore sought to demonstrate the effect of ENSO‐induced variability in annual and seasonal rainfall on the development of sustainable agriculture in the Ho Municipality of Ghana. Using 61 years of monthly rainfall data (1955–2015) for the Ho Municipality and ENSO indices, this study showed that 15% of the variability in total annual rainfall is explained by the ENSO phenomena. Mean annual rainfall and rainfall in the major rainy season decreased for El Niño years, in addition to a more variable rainfall compared to that received in La Niña years. The major growing season was observed to be longer in La Niña years and shorter in El Niño years. This means that the potential for crop cultivation will be severely hampered in an El Niño year. Farmers within the municipality are therefore encouraged to harness other complementary water sources for farming activities and also employ water management strategies during El Niño years.     

以三乙烯四胺为前驱体合成的离子液体对CO2的吸收效果研究

以三乙烯四胺(TETA)为阳离子前驱体合成多胺基离子液体([TETAH]+[Cl]-、[TETAH]+[NO_3]~-、2[TETAH]+[SO_4]~(2-)和[TETAH]+[BF_4]~-),以CO_2摩尔吸收量和CO_2平均吸收速率为评价指标,优选出对CO_2吸收效果最优的2[TETAH]+[SO_4]~(2-)离子液体.进一步考察在不同含水率、气体流量和温度等因素下2[TETAH]+[SO_4]~(2-)离子液体对CO_2的吸收效果,结果表明:2[TETAH]+[SO_4]~(2-)吸收CO_2的最佳条件为含水率30%、气体流量50 m L·min~(-1)、温度10℃,此时CO_2饱和摩尔吸收量达到1.325 mol·mol~(-1),各因素对CO_2吸收量的影响大小顺序为含水率气体流量温度.     

Consequences of ignoring dispersal variation in network models for landscape connectivity

Habitat loss and fragmentation can negatively influence population persistence and biodiversity, but the effects can be mitigated if species successfully disperse between isolated habitat patches. Network models are the primary tool for quantifying landscape connectivity, yet in practice, an overly simplistic view of species dispersal is applied. These models often ignore individual variation in dispersal ability under the assumption that all individuals move the same fixed distance with equal probability. We developed a modeling approach to address this problem. We incorporated dispersal kernels into network models to determine how individual variation in dispersal alters understanding of landscape-level connectivity and implemented our approach on a fragmented grassland landscape in Minnesota. Ignoring dispersal variation consistently overestimated a population's robustness to local extinctions and underestimated its robustness to local habitat loss. Furthermore, a simplified view of dispersal underestimated the amount of habitat substructure for small populations but overestimated habitat substructure for large populations. Our results demonstrate that considering biologically realistic dispersal alters understanding of landscape connectivity in ecological theory and conservation practice.     

Trends in seabird breeding populations across the Great Barrier Reef

The Great Barrier Reef is an iconic ecosystem, known globally for its rich marine biodiversity that includes many thousands of tropical breeding seabirds. Despite indications of localized declines in some seabird species from as early as the mid-1990s, trends in seabird populations across the reef have never been quantified. With a long history of human impact and ongoing environmental change, seabirds are likely sentinels in this important ecosystem. Using 4 decades of monitoring data, we estimated site-specific trends for 9 seabird species from 32 islands and cays across the reef. Trends varied markedly among species and sites, but probable declines occurred at 45% of the 86 species-by-site combinations analyzed compared with increases at 14%. For 5 species, we combined site-specific trends into a multisite trend in scaled abundance, which revealed probable declines of Common Noddy (Anous stolidus), Sooty Tern (Onychoprion fuscatus), and Masked Booby (Sula dactylatra), but no long-term changes in the 2 most widely distributed species, Greater Crested Tern (Thalasseus bergii) and Brown Booby (Sula leucogaster). For Brown Booby, long-term stability largely resulted from increases at a single large colony on East Fairfax Island that offset declines at most other sites. Although growth of the Brown Booby population on East Fairfax points to the likely success of habitat restoration on the island, it also highlights a general vulnerability wherein large numbers of some species are concentrated at a small number of key sites. Identifying drivers of variation in population change across species and sites while ensuring long-term protection of key sites will be essential to securing the future of seabirds on the reef.     

Feasibility of using high‐resolution satellite imagery to assess vertebrate wildlife populations

Although remote sensing has been used for >40 years to learn about Earth, use of very high‐resolution satellite imagery (VHR) (<1‐m resolution) has become more widespread over the past decade for studying wildlife. As image resolution increases, there is a need to understand the capabilities and limitations of this exciting new path in wildlife research. We reviewed studies that used VHR to examine remote populations of wildlife. We then determined characteristics of the landscape and the life history of species that made the studies amenable to use of satellite imagery and developed a list of criteria necessary for appropriate use of VHR in wildlife research. From 14 representative articles, we determined 3 primary criteria that must be met for a system and species to be appropriately studied with VHR: open landscape, target organism's color contrasts with the landscape, and target organism is of detectable size. Habitat association, temporal exclusivity, coloniality, landscape differentiation, and ground truthing increase the utility of VHR for wildlife research. There is an immediate need for VHR imagery in conservation research, particularly in remote areas of developing countries, where research can be difficult. For wildlife researchers interested in but unfamiliar with remote sensing resources and tools, understanding capabilities and current limitations of VHR imagery is critical to its use as a conservation and wildlife research tool.