成组生物毒性测试法综合评价典型工业废水毒性

为了更加准确地评估典型工业废水的综合生物毒性以及处理工艺对废水毒性的削减情况,采用发光细菌急性毒性实验、大型溞急性毒性实验和单细胞凝胶电泳实验,结合潜在生态毒性效应探测(potential ecotoxic effects probe,PEEP)指数对常州市7种典型工业废水的综合生物毒性进行了评价。结果表明,7种工业原水都表现出了急性毒性或遗传毒性,综合生物毒性强度的排序为电子厂>电镀厂>综合污水处理厂>印染厂>化工厂>食品厂>制药厂。而7种工业废水的处理后出水综合生物毒性强度的排序为印染厂>化工厂>电子厂>综合污水处理厂>食品厂>制药厂>电镀厂。其中,印染和化工厂出水综合生物毒性高于原水,分别增加了43.3%和38.7%,PEEP评价结果显示分别属于剧毒和高毒,而电镀、电子、综合污水处理和食品厂出水的综合生物毒性削减明显,分别比原水削减了76.9%、53.1%、48.3%和26.6%,PEEP结果表明基本无毒。建立在成组生物毒性实验基础上的PEEP评价方法可全面反映工业废水的综合生物毒性,进而更客观地评价废水对水生态系统乃至人类健康的潜在影响。     

混合抗生素对铜绿微囊藻的生物效应

选取SP(螺旋霉素)和AM(阿莫西林)为目标化合物,研究二者的混合物对铜绿微囊藻的生长、Chla(叶绿素a)合成及微囊藻毒素合成与释放的影响. 结果表明:SP与AM以等毒性〔ρ(SP)∶ρ(AM)为1∶7,ρ(SP+AM)为4~15 μg/L〕混合时,铜绿微囊藻的生长及Chla的合成均受到抑制,并且ρ(SP+AM)越高,抑制作用越明显,在ρ(SP+AM)为15 μg/L时生长抑制率最大,为109.86%;SP与AM以等浓度〔ρ(SP)∶ρ(AM)为1∶1,ρ(SP+AM)为1~10 μg/L〕混合,ρ(SP+AM)≤4 μg/L时促进铜绿微囊藻的生长,ρ(SP+AM)为1 μg/L时促进作用最明显,铜绿微囊藻的比生长率高出对照组39.13%;ρ(SP+AM)≥5 μg/L时则抑制铜绿微囊藻生长;而Chla的合成在各试验浓度下均受到抑制. SP与AM对铜绿微囊藻的联合毒性表现为拮抗作用. 混合抗生素在各试验浓度和混合配比条件下,均导致藻细胞内藻毒素合成量的上升,并引起胞外藻毒素的释放量增加,ρ(SP)∶ρ(AM)为1∶7且ρ(SP+AM)为5 μg/L组释放比例最高,达到37.96%. 因此,混合抗生素的存在可导致铜绿微囊藻对水环境的危害进一步加深.      

堤防水泥土搅拌桩复合地基稳定分析及应用研究

提出将水泥搅拌桩运用于堤防工程的地基加固,以提高堤防工程的稳定性。分析了水泥搅拌桩的作用机理和水泥土搅拌桩复合地基承载特点,采用面积加权法计算复合土层的抗剪强度,在此基础上进行了复合地基堤防整体稳定计算。结合某河道整治工程实例,探讨了堤防地基水泥搅拌桩的加固效果,评价了不同工况下堤防的稳定性。研究表明,采用水泥搅拌桩加固堤防地基,可以有效提高地基的承载力和堤防的稳定性,且施工快捷,运用效果较好,可为类似工程提供参考。     

Phytotoxicity in seven higher plant species exposed to di-n-butyl phthalate or bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

We investigated phytotoxicity in seven plant species exposed to a range of concentrations (0– 500 mg·kg⁻¹ soil) of di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) or bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), two representative phthalate esters (PAEs) nominated by USEPA as priority pollutants and known environmental estrogens. We studied seed germination, root elongation, seedling growth, biomass (fresh weight, FW) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of shoots and roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), oat (Avena sativa) and onion (Allium cepa L.), together with monitoring of plant pigment content (chlorophyll a, b and carotinoids) in alfalfa, radish and onion shoots. Root elongation, seedling growth and biomass of the test species were generally inhibited by DnBP but not by DEHP, indicating a lower level of phytotoxicity of DEHP than of DnBP. MDA contents of four species were promoted by PAE exposure, but not in alfalfa, ryegrass or onion shoots, indicating lower sensitivity of these three species to PAE pollutants. Plant pigment contents were clearly affected under the stress of both pollutants, implying the potential damage to the photosynthetic system of test plants, mainly by decreasing the content of chlorophyll a and b. Results of DnBP and DEHP phytotoxicity to the primary growth of test plants has provided information for the assessment of their environmental risk in the soil and also forms a basis for the further analysis of their toxic effects over the whole growth period of different plant species.     

苯并[a]芘在两种海洋生物体内的富集动力学比较

应用半静态双箱动力学模型在室内模拟了脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)、三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)对苯并[a]芘(benzo[a]pyrene,BaP)的生物富集实验,通过对富集与释放过程中两种海洋生物体内BaP的非线性曲线拟合,获得两种海洋生物对BaP的吸收速率常数k1、释放速率常数k2、生物富集因子BCF、平衡状态下生物体内BaP含量CAmax、生物学半衰期B1/2等动力学参数.拟合结果显示:脊尾白虾k1的平均值为18.80,k2的平均值为0.08,BCF的平均值为228.02,CAmax的平均值为46.78ng/g,B1/2的平均值为8.95d;三疣梭子蟹k1的平均值为22.55,k2的平均值为0.14,BCF的平均值为158.11,CAmax的平均值为32.70ng/g,B1/2的平均值为5.43d.两种海洋生物对BaP的k1、k2、BCF均随BaP暴露浓度的增大而减少,CAmax、B1/2随BaP暴露浓度的增大而增大.表明BaP容易在两种海洋生物体内富集,脊尾白虾对BaP的最高富集量高于三疣梭子蟹,前期富集速率高于后期,对BaP的释放主要集中在前期,后期释放速率放缓.     

基于供需构造的北京水循环动态失衡及修复机理

水资源短缺严重制约着北京21世纪世界城市宏伟目标的实现.在引入基于自然与人然良性互动基础上的成水构造、蓄水构造与用水构造等跨学科概念之后,提出区域水生态“供需构造链条说”.进一步,本研究对半个世纪来北京水循环数据分析发现,水资源总量随降水量而变化,相对多年平均量均减,北京水资源生态系统呈弱化态势;2001~2012年用水总量超过水资源总量,水生态系统失衡.循上述发现,对北京区域水生态系统供需数据进行回归分析、揭示北京气候变化与人然活动水文关联效应,指出水循环动态失衡机理的行为贡献因子.最后,基于用水增长有行为上改进空间的思想,提出北京水循环动态失衡在短期运用行为矫正机制,采用总量管理和水市场调节合理用水,长期上运用水环境动态均衡修复原理,启动北京和周边地区的地下水位复升工程的政策建议.     

硼化合物对普通小球藻的急性毒性效应

以普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)为受试生物,采用批量培养法考察了不同质量浓度的硼酸和四硼酸钠对藻细胞生物量、ρ(Chla)、ρ(蛋白质)以及MDA(丙二醛)含量的96 h急性毒性效应,初步探讨了硼化合物对普通小球藻的毒性作用. 结果表明:在2种硼化合物胁迫下藻细胞的生长受到抑制,尤其是当ρ(硼)≥40 mg/L时抑制作用极其显著(P<0.01);ρ(硼)为0~80 mg/L时,硼酸和四硼酸钠对藻细胞生长的最大抑制率分别为89.42%和86.72%,硼的抑制作用呈明显的剂量-效应关系,并且随暴露时间延长而减弱,96 h时藻细胞恢复生长. 硼酸和四硼酸钠对藻细胞的96 h-EC₅₀(半数有效浓度)分别为82.03和71.19 mg/L(以硼计);与对照组相比,二者对普通小球藻的毒性效应表现为,随着暴露时间的延长,ρ(Chla)降低、ρ(蛋白质)先减后增、MDA含量升高. 研究显示,硼化合物对普通小球藻的毒性作用,可能是由于短期内引发藻细胞产生活性氧自由基并造成膜脂质和其他生物大分子的氧化损伤所致.      

Multiple-time contamination of benzo(a)pyrene in soils inhibits soil enzymatic activities

Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is accumulating in soils in a low-dose cumulative manner. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of B[a]P on the extractable and available fractions of B[a]P and on soil enzymatic activity using multiple-time superimposed and one-time contamination approaches. Results showed that the contents of B[a]P rapidly decreased in the first 14?d and later decreased slowly from 14 to 56?d in both one-time and multiple-time contamination tests. The contents of B[a]P in the multiple-time contamination test were lower than those in the one-time test. Soil urease, sucrase and dehydrogenase activities were rapidly inhibited in the early stage (14?d) and stimulated during the rest of the incubation, and soil dehydrogenase activity was more sensitive to B[a]P contamination than the other enzymes. High concentrations of B[a]P in soil led to greater inhibition of enzymatic activity than that at low concentrations in the early period of culture. Soil enzyme activities were weakly inhibited in multiple-time compared with in one-time contamination tests and were lower in the subsurface layer than in the surface layer. Our results revealed that the multiple-time superimposed approach might be better than one-time contamination for evaluating B[a]P risk in soil.     

Research progress of nitrous oxide reductase gene (nosZII) and its relationship with the environment北大核心CSCD

The greenhouse effect has become increasingly serious globally. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is both the major ozone depleting substance and a potent greenhouse gas having a global warming potential 298 times that of CO2, and the N2O concentration is still increasing at an annual rate of about 0.8 × 10-9. Nitrous oxide reductase (N2OR) can reduce N2O to N2, and until recently, the nosZ gene was the only gene known to be able to encode N2OR. Besides the well-known nosZI, a new lineage of the N2O-reductase (nosZ clade II), which is abundant and widespread in soils, has been identified. In this paper, the main characters of nosZII-containing microbial communities and the related working mechanisms are summarized. In addition to the main differences between nosZI and nosZII, the important environmental factors that regulate the composition, abundance, and expression of nosZII-containing communities are also discussed in this paper. Studies have shown that nosZII communities are distributed among a diverse range of bacterial and archaeal phyla, such as Epsilon-proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Aquificae. Interestingly, most of the nosZII microbes lack a nitrite reductase encoding gene (nirS or nirK) and are therefore unable to denitrify, indicating the importance of these communities as N2O sinks. Soil properties such as texture, pH, C/ N ratio, temperature, and lake physical gradient could regulate nosZII microbe abundance and diversity, and the pH and C/ N ratio may be the most important influencing factors. Studies on the ecological function of nosZII microbes have advanced considerably with the development of molecular biology technology. However, further studies on the community structure of nosZII microbes, the influencing factors of nosZII microbe abundance and diversity, and characteristics of nosZII strains with strong N2O reducing ability are needed. We hope to provide a theoretical basis that can be used to facilitate N2O reduction and relieve the greenhouse gas problem. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Characteristics of N2O emission from Medicago sativa stands and its response to nitrogen fertilizers in the Longdong dryland Plateau北大核心CSCD

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is one of the potent greenhouse gases (GHG) that depletes the stratospheric ozone. Nitrogen fertilizers are considered to be a major source of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from arable soils. To investigate the characteristics of N2O emission, its influencing factors, and its response to nitrogen application in dry grassland in the Loess Plateau, one of the most intensively used agricultural regions in China, we conducted a field trial with two treatments including N0 (0 kg hm-2) and N150 (150 kg hm-2) at the Qingyang Loess Plateau grassland agricultural research station of Lanzhou University. An LGR-N2O/CO gas analyzer was used to monitor the emissions. The results showed that the N2O fluxes of the N0 and N150 treatments during the monitoring period were -0.0036 and 0.0118 mg m-2 h-1, respectively; the flux in case of the N150 treatment was significantly higher than that for the N0 treatment. The N2O emission flux has a distinct diurnal variation characteristic, which first showed the trend of decreasing and then increasing. Regression analysis indicated a significant positive correlation between the N2O flux and the surface soil water content at a depth of 10 cm. The N2O emission flux increased by 131.3%, compared with that during the non-precipitation days. At the same time, the N2O emission flux showed a trend of decreasing with the increase of the surface soil temperature at a depth of 10 cm. The daily emission characteristics indicated that there may be a significant underestimation of the N2O flux at the daily or longer time-scale, based on the N2O flux value measured at 9:00-11:00. In summary, the N2O emissions from the sown alfalfa grassland of the eastern Gansu are strongly affected by precipitation and nitrogen application and have obvious daily dynamic characteristics. It is recommended that the accuracy and representativeness of N2O emission flux data be enhanced by continuous dynamic measurement using the instrument. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.