苯并(a)芘和芘的混合物暴露对梭鱼肝脏抗氧化酶活性的影响

在实验生态条件下，研究浓度范围从0.1-50μg/L的苯并（a)芘和芘的等浓度混合物暴露对梭鱼（Mugil so-iuy)肝脏抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果显示，对肝脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPx)和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性的影响主要表现出抑制效应。在暴露过程中，抗氧化酶活性也有出现短暂的诱导，高浓度组出现诱导的时间比低浓度组早。SOD和GPx活性的变化有一定的同步性。CAT活性在暴露早期出现诱导。抗氧化酶活性的变化间接反映了环境中氧化胁迫的存在。     

滨海电厂冷却系统温升和加氯对浮游植物联合作用的模拟研究

为探明当前滨海电厂冷却系统热冲击和加氯对浮游植物的影响程度,于室内对采自乐清湾的浮游植物进行短期(15、30 min)温升(0、4、8、12℃)和加氯(O、1.0、1.8、3.2 mg·L-1)胁迫的模拟研究.结果表明,加氯、暴露时间、加氯和温升间的交互作用对叶绿素a(Chl-a)浓度有显著影响(P<0.01).但温升对Chl-a浓度无显著影响(P>0.05).热冲击和加氯胁迫后.浮游植物细胞活性显著降低(P<0.05).加氯对Chl-a浓度及浮游植物细胞活性影响最大.目前,滨海电厂浓度为1-2 mg·L-1的加氯处理对浮游植物影响较大,但温升8-12℃的热冲击对浮游植物影响不大.     

某型飞机腐蚀关键结构含涂层模拟件腐蚀行为研究

目的研究某型飞机腐蚀关键结构防护涂层体系的腐蚀失效行为,评估涂层的防护性能,为整机日历寿命体系评定和飞机大修提供试验依据。方法在编制加速环境谱的基础上,对模拟件进行环境谱作用下的加速腐蚀试验。结果在经过修理前后两个阶段的加速腐蚀后,模拟件在铆钉连接区域表面涂层均出现不同程度的鼓包、开裂、剥落等老化现象。结论腐蚀关键结构表面防护涂层体系总体上能够满足首翻期和翻修间隔期内结构的表面防腐要求,但在外场使用维护中应针对铆钉、螺钉连接件周围等腐蚀敏感部位加强防护,一旦出现涂层老化、破损等损伤需要及时进行局部修复。在科学、合理的外场使用维护条件下,可以适当延长飞机的进厂大修时间。     

高原深水湖泊程海氮磷形态分布特征及其与叶绿素a的相关性

湖泊水体氮、磷形态分布特征及其与藻类生长的关系是湖泊富营养化研究的重要方面。采用GPS定位,在程海湖设置了3个断面9个采样点,研究了氮、磷形态分布特征,并分析了各形态氮磷与叶绿素a的相关性。结果表明：总氮（TN）质量浓度为0.773 mg.L-1,总磷（TP）质量浓度为0.046 mg.L-1,叶绿素a质量浓度为0.024 mg.L-1。氮素的赋存形态特征是以溶解态总氮（DTN）占大部分,DTN中又以溶解态有机氮（DON）占绝大部分;磷素的存在特点是溶解态无机磷（DIP）含量比重较大。各形态氮、磷都有明显的季节性波动但区域性差异不明显,叶绿素a则有明显的季节节律和时空差异。叶绿素a很好地响应了总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、溶解态总氮（DTN）、溶解态总磷（DTP）、颗粒态总氮（PTN）、颗粒态总磷（PTP）的变化。程海富营养化受氮和磷共同限制,控制富营养化必须同时削减氮和磷。     

黑鲷(Sparus macrocephalus)暴露苯并(a)芘后胆汁中代谢产物3-羟基-苯并(a)芘的剂量与时间-效应关系研究

通过实验室生态毒理实验,研究黑鲷(Sparus macrocephalus)暴露苯并(a)芘(BaP)后,鱼体胆汁中代谢产物3-羟基-苯并(a)芘(3-OH BaP)的剂量-时间-效应关系,结果显示:胆汁中3-OH BaP的浓度随暴露时间的延长呈现先上升然后在7d后开始逐渐降低的变化趋势; 胆汁中3-OH BaP浓度随暴露浓度的升高而不断升高,呈现明显的剂量-效应关系.表明胆汁中的3-OH BaP反映了环境中母体BaP的浓度,是一个有效的污染监测生物标志物,3-OH BaP对于较短时间BaP暴露具有很好的指示作用.     

富营养化湖泊叶绿素a时空变化特征及其影响因素分析

基于内蒙古乌梁素湖区20个监测点5、7、9、11月的监测数据,分析水体中叶绿素a浓度时空变化情况。同时,分析水体中总氮、总磷、氨氮、硝酸盐氮、COD、p H、总有机碳与叶绿素a的相关性。结果显示,叶绿素a浓度呈现由西北向东南逐渐减少的趋势,而浓度峰值出现在7月下旬,低值出现在11月下旬。相关因素与叶绿素a的相关性呈复杂性,线性拟合结果显示,与COD没有明显相关性;与总有机碳呈弱负相关性,与p H呈负相关性;而与总磷、总氮、氨氮、硝酸盐氮呈正相关性。期望该研究为干旱区湖泊水体富营养化控制和水资源管理提供科学依据。     

固相萃取富集高压液相色谱分析饮用水中的苯并(a)

本文以高压液相色谱仪作为样品分析手段,对Ｃ１８键合相吸附剂富集饮用水中苯并（ａ）芘回收效率的影响因素逐一进行系统研究。实验结果显示,在优化的样品富集和样品分析条件下,该方法具有快速、安全、高效和低耗等优点,在绝对进样量００２５～０３ｍｇ之间,线性良好,方法最低检出限为０５ｎｇ／Ｌ,同时准确度和精密度也得到很好地控制。另外,该方法在自来水及其源水的样品分析中获得了良好的结果。     

关于“总量”问题的思考

对有关总量（水体纳污总量、污染物排放总量和目标断面通量）的内涵及总量监测技术的关键环节（布点采样、项目频次、实验室分析和数据处理方法）进行了论述     

Three ways to deliver a net positive impact with biodiversity offsets

Biodiversity offsetting is the practice of using conservation actions, such as habitat restoration, management, or protection, to compensate for ecological losses caused by development activity, including construction projects. The typical goal of offsetting is no net loss (NNL), which means that all ecological losses are compensated for by commensurate offset gains. We focused on a conceptual and methodological exploration of net positive impact (NPI), an ambitious goal that implies commitment beyond NNL and that has recently received increasing attention from big business and environmental nongovernmental organizations. We identified 3 main ways NPI could be delivered: use of an additional NPI multiplier; use of slowly developing permanent offsets to deliver additional gains after NNL has first been reached during a shorter offset evaluation time interval; and the combination of permanent offsets with partially temporary losses. An important and novel variant of the last mechanism is the use of an alternate mitigation hierarchy so that gains from the traditional third step of the mitigation hierarchy (i.e., onsite rehabilitation) are no longer be counted toward reduced offset requirements. The outcome from these 3 factors is that for the same ecological damage, larger offsets will be required than previously, thereby improving offset success. As a corollary, we show that offsets are NNL only at 1 ephemeral point in time, before which they are net negative and after which they become either NPI or net negative impact, depending on whether permanent offsets are combined with partially temporary losses or if temporary offset gains are combined with partially permanent losses. To achieve NPI, offsets must be made permanent, and they must achieve NNL during an agreed-upon offset evaluation period. An additional NPI-multiplier and use of the modified mitigation hierarchy will deliver additional NPI gains. Achieving NPI is fully conditional on prior achievement of NNL, and NNL offsets have been frequently observed to fail due to inadequate policy requirements, poor planning, or incomplete implementation. Nevertheless, achieving NPI becomes straightforward if NNL can be credibly reached first.     

Identifying taxonomic and functional surrogates for spring biodiversity conservation

Surrogate approaches are widely used to estimate overall taxonomic diversity for conservation planning. Surrogate taxa are frequently selected based on rarity or charisma, whereas selection through statistical modeling has been applied rarely. We used boosted‐regression‐tree models (BRT) fitted to biological data from 165 springs to identify bryophyte and invertebrate surrogates for taxonomic and functional diversity of boreal springs. We focused on these 2 groups because they are well known and abundant in most boreal springs. The best indicators of taxonomic versus functional diversity differed. The bryophyte Bryum weigelii and the chironomid larva Paratrichocladius skirwithensis best indicated taxonomic diversity, whereas the isopod Asellus aquaticus and the chironomid Macropelopia spp. were the best surrogates of functional diversity. In a scoring algorithm for priority‐site selection, taxonomic surrogates performed only slightly better than random selection for all spring‐dwelling taxa, but they were very effective in representing spring specialists, providing a distinct improvement over random solutions. However, the surrogates for taxonomic diversity represented functional diversity poorly and vice versa. When combined with cross‐taxon complementarity analyses, surrogate selection based on statistical modeling provides a promising approach for identifying groundwater‐dependent ecosystems of special conservation value, a key requirement of the EU Water Framework Directive.