Clogging of Filtering Material Systems Used for Disposable Respirators

The article shows the problem of clogging in connection with the parameters of filtering materials used in respiratory protective equipment. The results of investigations of airflow resistance changes during the depositing of dust inside the filtering material are presented. The configuration of layers differing in mass per unit area and the number of layers, were taken into consideration. For each configuration, the clogging abilities and the changes of airflow resistance as a reason of loading with dust were assessed. The analysis of tested materials confirms the hypothesis that there is an important coincidence between the properties of the material used in filtering equipment and the clogging coefficient. The results show that the filter should have a layered structure and that the outer layer should be made of a nonwoven of relatively high surface density.     

A Contribution to the Study of the Antidust Respirators’ Real Performance

In most industrial enterprises, hazardous factors are present in quantities exceeding permissible levels. Such a situation requires using antidust respiratory protection. It has been suggested, however, that filters for respirators are not assessed properly and that lab results might not be related to real filtering efficiency in industry. This article contains test results of some commercially available filtering half-masks, including the effect of loading with real dust, high humidity, high temperature, and a combination of loading with dust and high humidity on the half-masks’ performance. The results show that the effect of these factors is considerable and that a combination of loading with silica dust and exposing to high humidity can cause a complete loss of performance.     

MODELING THE BIG BLACK RIVER: A COMPARISON OF WATER QUALITY MODELS1

ABSTRACT: The Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality uses the Steady Riverine Environmental Assessment Model (STREAM) to establish effluent limitations. While the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has approved of its use, questions arise regarding the model's simplicity. The objective of this research was to compare STREAM with the more commonly utilized Enhanced Stream Water Quality Model (QUAL2E). The comparison involved a statistical evaluation procedure based on sensitivity analyses, input probability distribution functions, and Monte Carlo simulation with site‐specific data from a 46‐mile (74‐km) reach of the Big Black River in central Mississippi. Site specific probability distribution functions were derived from measured rates of reaeration, sediment oxygen demand, photosynthesis, and respiration. Both STREAM and QUAL2E reasonably predicted daily average dissolved oxygen (DO) based on a comparison of output probability distributions with observed DO. Observed DO was consistently within 90 percent confidence intervals of model predictions. The STREAM approach generally overpredicted while QUAL2E generally matched observed DO. Using the more commonly assumed lognormal distribution as opposed to a Weibull distribution for two of the sensitive input parameters resulted in minimal differences in the statistical evaluations. The QUAL2E approach had distinct advantages over STREAM in simulating the growth cycle of algae.     

自给正压式空气呼吸器R式呼吸法测试与应用探析

对遇险消防员迅速实施二次救援是目前减少消防员火场伤亡的重要措施。当遭遇迷失、受伤、被困等意外而依靠自身的力量无法脱险、或空气呼吸器低压报警装置起鸣时,消防员如果能延长空气呼吸器的使用时间,就能够为外部救援力量的二次救援提供宝贵的时间,为成功获救创造条件。测试采用自由呼吸和R式呼吸法两种呼吸方式下、在跑步机上以6km/h的速度快步行走和俯卧状伏于地面两种运动状态下55MPa空气的使用时间。结果证明,采用R式呼吸法较之自由呼吸时空气的使用时间更长,采用R式呼吸法俯卧状伏于地面能更有效地延长空气的使用时间。为了提高火场遇险消防员的生存机率,应将R式呼吸法作为消防员基本生存技能纳入灭火救援业务训练大纲,规范消防员火场避险行动程序,并系统化地开展实战化专项训练。     

Land use and land cover in a transitioning militarized landscape

The repurposing of military lands is common in many parts of the world and presents a variety of conservation opportunities. This study examines land cover at Big Oaks National Wildlife Refuge, Indiana (U.S.A.) as it transitioned from military proving ground to wildlife refuge from 1985 to 2013. We use remote sensing, semi-structured interviews, and a review of planning and management documents to examine this transition. Limited change in land cover composition and distribution are detected, despite changes in use and management. This landscape similarity relates to similarities in land management practices, and the impact of landscape history on current management practices. The findings suggest that military use and conservation objectives at this site yield similar land covers and are not necessarily in contrast to each other. As military base closures continue, the potential to maintain and expand conservation opportunities on these lands will likely grow in importance.     

南京市在长江大保护工作中推进生态环境大数据融合的思考

以习近平长江经济带发展思路和实施国家大数据战略为背景,简要介绍了南京市长江大保护和大数据融合工作的现状与特点。在对标分析武汉市长江大保护和贵州省大数据融合先进工作经验的基础上,针对当前南京市大数据应用水平不高,难以为生态环境重要决策提供有效支撑的情况,从树立创新思维摸清沿江污染底数、树立法治思维推进大数据融合共享、树立融入思维推进社会化服务、树立数字思维适应信息化和“互联网+”发展等方面,对南京市如何深度整合利用现有大数据资源,构建具有南京特色的长江大保护“生态眼”监管系统提出对策和建议。     

Investigation of exhaled pollutant distribution in the breathing microenvironment in a displacement ventilated room with indoor air stability conditions

This study experimentally studied the dispersion of exhaled pollutant in the breathing microenvironment (BM) in a room equipped with a displacement ventilation (DV) system and indoor air stability conditions (i.e., stable and unstable conditions). The vertical temperature differences and the carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration in the BM were measured. Results show that when DV is combined with the stable condition (DS), pollutant tends to accumulate in the BM, leading to a high pollutant concentration in this region. Whereas, when DV is combined with the unstable condition (DU), pollutant diffuses to a relatively wider area beyond the BM, thus the pollutant concentration in the BM is substantially reduced. Moreover, increasing the flow rate can reduce the pollutant concentration in the BM of the DS but yields little difference of the DU. In addition, personal exposure intensity increases with time, and the DS has a relatively higher increase rate than DU. The results suggest that indoor air stability will affect the performance of DV systems. DS will lead to a higher health risk for people when they stay in the indoor environment with pollutant sources, and DU is recommended for minimizing pollutant level in the BM in order to reduce the pollutant concentration and providing better air environments for the occupants.     

厌氧消化-A/O-臭氧催化氧化-BAF工艺处理农药废水生化出水的中试研究

采用“厌氧消化-A/O-臭氧催化氧化-BAF”组合工艺对某农药企业污水处理站生化出水进行中试研究。中试装置设计处理规模为12 t/d,进水水质主要指标： COD为214~346 mg/L,ρ（NH₃-N）为8~35 mg/L,TN为65~108 mg/L。经组合工艺处理后,出水COD为51.2~71.4 mg/L,ρ（NH₃-N）为2.4~6.8 mg/L,TN为13.6~19.2 mg/L,出水水质可达到江苏省《化学工业主要水污染物排放标准》（DB 32/939-2006）中的一级标准。整套工艺对进水具有较强的耐冲击负荷能力,可适应难降解、高氮废水,具有较好的经济效益。     

石油企业正压式空气呼吸器的检验与管理

本文依据调查与检验结果,指出了石油企业在空气呼吸器检验与管理工作中存在的问题,并提出了完善检测手段、管理制度,以及加强呼吸器使用人员的培训等方面的建议。     

Comprehensive evaluation method of urban air quality statistics based on environmental monitoring data and its application

Air quality monitoring is effective for timely understanding of the current air quality status of a region or city. Currently, the huge volume of environmental monitoring data, which has reasonable real-time performance, provides strong support for in-depth analysis of air pollution characteristics and causes. However, in the era of big data, to meet current demands for fine management of the atmospheric environment, it is important to explore the characteristics and causes of air pollution from multiple aspects for comprehensive and scientific evaluation of air quality. This study reviewed and summarized air quality evaluation methods on the basis of environmental monitoring data statistics during the 13th Five-Year Plan period, and evaluated the level of air pollution in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region and its surrounding areas (i.e., the “2+26” region) during the period of the three-year action plan to fight air pollution. We suggest that air quality should be comprehensively, deeply, and scientifically evaluated from the aspects of air pollution characteristics, causes, and influences of meteorological conditions and anthropogenic emissions. It is also suggested that a three-year moving average be introduced as one of the evaluation indexes of long-term change of pollutants. Additionally, both temporal and spatial differences should be considered when removing confounding meteorological factors.