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151.
Mercury, cadmium and lead concentrations in different ecophysiological groups of earthworms in forest soils 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ernst G Zimmermann S Christie P Frey B 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,156(3):1304-1313
Bioaccumulation of Hg, Cd and Pb by eight ecophysiologically distinct earthworm species was studied in 27 polluted and uncontaminated forest soils. Lowest tissue concentrations of Hg and Cd occurred in epigeic Lumbricus rubellus and highest in endogeic Octolasion cyaneum. Soils dominated by Dendrodrilus rubidus possess a high potential of risk of Pb biomagnification for secondary predators. Bioconcentration factors (soil-earthworm) followed the sequence ranked Cd > Hg > Pb. Ordination plots of redundancy analysis were used to compare HM concentrations in earthworm tissues with soil, leaf litter and root concentrations and with soil pH and CEC. Different ecological categories of earthworms are exposed to Hg, Cd and Pb in the topsoil by atmospheric deposition and accumulate them in their bodies. Species differences in HM concentrations largely reflect differences in food selectivity and niche separation. 相似文献
152.
To assess potential health risks to benthic organisms from exposure to toxic contaminants, sediment chemistry data from five salt marshes along the coast of California were compared with threshold effects levels (TELs) and probable effects levels (PELs). As an integrated estimate of toxicity potential of multiple contaminants, mean PEL quotients (mPELQs) were used to categorize sampling stations into three groups: high (>0.5), medium (0.1–0.5) and low (<0.1). In all sediments from Stege Marsh located in San Francisco Bay, at least one contaminant exceeded PELs by up to 18-fold and mPELQs were higher than 0.7. Mean PELQs in two core sediments from eastern Stege Marsh ranged from 0.7 to 2.1, indicating that benthic organisms in Stege Marsh may have been adversely affected for several decades. To investigate bioavailability and bioaccumulation of contaminants in sediments, longjaw mudsuckers (Gillichthys mirabilis) were transplanted to six Stege Marsh stations for 60 days. Body burdens of organic contaminants clearly showed that they were readily available for benthic organisms. Measured concentrations of organic contaminants in mudsuckers were similar to estimated levels computed using a theoretical bioaccumulation potential model. Levels of PCBs and arsenic in mudsuckers were higher than screening values set as guidelines for the protection of humans and levels of PCBs and DDTs were higher than criteria for wildlife. The results of this study indicate that the levels of contaminants in Stege Marsh sediments may not fully support the well-being of benthic organisms and also may provoke adverse effects on fish-eating animals and humans through trophic transfer. 相似文献
153.
Sediment Quality Assessment in the Gulf of Gdańsk (Baltic Sea) Using Complementary Lines of Evidence
Roberta Bettinetti Silvana Galassi Jerzy Falandysz Marina Camusso Davide A. L. Vignati 《Environmental management》2009,43(6):1313-1320
Sediments from Polish coastal environments were classified by a quality assessment approach that took into account trace metal
and organic micropollutant concentrations, grain-size distribution, and organic carbon content. Generally, no benthic organisms
were found at sites where sediments were classified as heavily polluted. However, areas characterized by a moderate contamination
showed a variable composition of the benthic community and changing bioaccumulation patterns; therefore, no single species
found in the Gulf of Gdańsk could be considered representative of the whole benthic environment. Although sediment monitoring
must be considered a suitable tool to detect hot-spot pollution areas in coastal and inland waters, it should be complemented
by bioaccumulation measurements to evaluate the actual risk posed by contaminants to benthic organisms. This “biological information”
allows a better appreciation of the real benthic infaunal community exposure to chemicals and can usefully complement the
existing sediment quality guidelines. 相似文献
154.
Faucher K Fichet D Miramand P Lagardère JP 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,151(1):148-157
The effect of chronic exposure to a low concentration (0.5 microg l(-1)) of cadmium ions was investigated on escape behaviour of sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, using video analysis. Observations were also performed on the microanatomy of lateral system neuromasts. When fish were exposed for 4h per day over 8 days to the cadmium ions, most of both types of neuromasts observed remained intact. However, some of them presented damaged sensory maculae. Whereas before cadmium exposure, fish responded positively to nearly all the lateral system stimulations, after exposure they decreased by about 10% their positive responses to stimulations. From the 15th day after the beginning of cadmium exposure, neuromasts presented progressively less damage, cadmium accumulation in gills and scales decreased significantly and fish escape behaviour had recovered. This study presents a new concept in ecotoxicology: using behavioural change to reveal the effects of pollution levels, scarcely detectable by currently used techniques (physiological responses). 相似文献
155.
Robert J. Letcher Wouter A. Gebbink Christian Sonne Erik W. Born Melissa A. McKinney Rune Dietz 《Environment international》2009,35(8):1118-1124
We report on the comparative bioaccumulation, biotransformation and/or biomagnification from East Greenland ringed seal (Pusa hispida) blubber to polar bear (Ursus maritimus) tissues (adipose, liver and brain) of various classes and congeners of persistent chlorinated and brominated contaminants and metabolic by-products: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlordanes (CHLs), hydroxyl (OH-) and methylsulfonyl (MeSO2-) PCBs, polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), OH-PBBs, polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) flame retardants and OH- and methoxyl (MeO-) PBDEs, 2,2-dichloro-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethene (p,p′-DDE), 3-MeSO2-p,p′-DDE, pentachlorophenol (PCP) and 4-OH-heptachlorostyrene (4-OH-HpCS). We detected all of the investigated contaminants in ringed seal blubber with high frequency, the main diet of East Greenland bears, with the exception of OH-PCBs and 4-OH-HpCS, which indicated that these phenolic contaminants were likely of metabolic origin and formed in the bears from accumulated PCBs and octachlorostyrene (OCS), respectively, rather than being bioaccumulated from a seal blubber diet. For all of the detectable sum of classes or individual organohalogens, in general, the ringed seal to polar bear mean BMFs for ΣPCBs, p,p′-DDE, ΣCHLs, ΣMeSO2-PCBs, 3-MeSO2-p,p′-DDE, PCP, ΣPBDEs, total-(α)-HBCD, ΣOH-PBDEs, ΣMeO-PBDEs and ΣOH-PBBs indicated that these organohalogens bioaccumulate, and in some cases there was tissue-specific biomagnification, e.g., BMFs for bear adipose and liver ranged from 2 to 570. The blood-brain barrier appeared to be effective in minimizing brain accumulation as BMFs were ≤ 1 in the brain, with the exception of ΣOH-PBBs (mean BMF = 93 ± 54). Unlike OH-PCB metabolites, OH-PBDEs in the bear tissues appeared to be mainly accumulated from the seal blubber rather than being metabolic formed from PBDEs in the bears. In vitro PBDE depletion assays using polar bear hepatic microsomes, wherein the rate of oxidative metabolism of PBDE congeners was very slow, supported the probability that accumulation from seals is the main source of OH-PBDEs in the bear tissues. Our findings demonstrated from ringed seal to polar bears that organohalogen biotransformation, bioaccumulation and/or biomagnification varied widely and depended on the contaminant in question. Our results show the increasing complexity of bioaccumulated and in some cases biomagnified, chlorinated and brominated contaminants and/or metabolites from the diet may be a contributing stress factor in the health of East Greenland polar bears. 相似文献
156.
Sediments can act as a sink for contaminants in effluents from industrial and nuclear installations or when released from dumped waste. However, contaminated sediments may also act as a potential source of radionuclides and trace metals to the water phase due to remobilisation of metals as dissolved species and resuspension of particles. The marine mussel Mytilus edulis is a filter-feeding organism that via the gills is subjected to contaminants in dissolved form and from contaminants associated to suspended particles via the digestive system. In this paper the bioavailability of sediment-associated and seawater diluted Cs, Co, Cd and Zn radioactive tracers to the filtering bivalve M. edulis has been examined. The mussels were exposed to tracers diluted in ultrafiltered (<10 kDa) seawater (Low Molecular Mass form) or to tracers associated with sediment particles from the Stepovogo Fjord at Novaya Zemlya in short-term uptake experiments, followed by 1-month depuration experiments in flow-through tanks. A toxicokinetic model was fitted to the uptake and depuration data, and the obtained parameters were used to simulate the significance of the two uptake pathways at different suspended sediment loads and sediment-seawater distribution coefficients. The results of the model simulations, assuming steady state conditions, suggest that resuspended particles from contaminated sediments can be a highly significant pathway for mussels in the order 109Cd ≌ 65Zn < 134Cs < 60Co. The significance increases with higher suspended sediment load and with higher Kd. Furthermore, the experimental depuration data suggest that Cs is retained longer and Co, Cd and Zn shorter by the mussels when associated with ingested sediments, than if the metals are taken up from the low molecular mass (LMM) phase. 相似文献
157.
Bidar G Pruvot C Garçon G Verdin A Shirali P Douay F 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(1):42-53
Background, aim, and scope The reclamation of nonferrous metal-polluted soil by phytoremediation requires an overall and permanent plant cover. To select
the most suitable plant species, it is necessary to study metal effects on plants over the time, thereby checking that metals
remain stored in root systems and not transferred to aerial parts. In this purpose, the seasonal and annual variations of
metal bioaccumulation, transfer, and phytotoxicity in Trifolium repens and Lolium perenne grown in a Cd-, Pb-, and Zn-contaminated soil were also studied.
Materials and methods The experimental site was located near a closed smelter. In spring 2004, two areas were sown with T. repens and L. perenne, respectively. Thereafter, the samplings of plant roots and shoots and surrounding soils were realized in autumn 2004 and
spring and autumn 2005. The soil agronomic characteristics, the Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations in the surrounded soils and
plant organs, as well as the oxidative alterations (superoxide dismutase [SOD], malondialdehyde [MDA], and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine
[8-OHdG]) in plant organs were carried out.
Results Whatever the sampling period, metal concentrations in soils and plants were higher than background values. Contrary to the
soils, the fluctuations of metal concentrations were observed in plant organs over the time. Bioaccumulation and transfer
factors confirmed that metals were preferentially accumulated in the roots as follows: Cd>Zn>Pb, and their transfer to shoots
was limited. Foliar metal deposition was also observed. The results showed that there were seasonal and annual variations
of metal accumulation in the two studied plant species. These variations differed according to the organs and followed nearly
the same pattern for the two species. Oxidative alterations were observed in plant organs with regard to SOD antioxidant activities,
MDA, and 8-OHdG concentrations. These alterations vary according to the temporal variations of metal concentrations.
Discussion Metal concentrations in surrounded soils and plant organs showed the effective contamination by industrial dust emissions.
Metals absorbed by plants were mainly stored in the roots. With regard to this storage, the plants seemed to limit the metal
transfer to their aerial parts over the time, thereby indicating their availability for metal phytostabilization. Aerial deposition
was another source of plant exposure to nonferrous metals. Despite the occurrence of metal-induced oxidative alterations in
plant organs, both plant species seemed to tolerate a high metal concentration in soils.
Conclusions Taken together, these results indicated that T. repens and L. perenne were able to form a plant cover on highly Cd-, Pb-, and Zn-polluted soils, to limit the metal transfer to their aerial parts
and were relatively metal-tolerant. All these characteristics made them suitable for phytostabilization on metal-contaminated
soils. These findings also highlighted the necessity to take into account seasonal and annual variations for a future phytomanagement.
Recommendations and perspectives In this work, the behavior of plant species grown in metal-polluted soil has been studied during 2 years. Obviously, this
time is too short to ensure that metals remain accumulated in the root system and few are transferred in aerial parts over
the time. It is why regular monitoring should be achieved during more than a decade after the settlement of the plant cover.
This work will be completed by the study of the T. repens and L. perenne effects on mobility of metals in order to evaluate the quantities of pollutants which could be absorbed by the biota and
transferred to groundwater. Bioaccessibility tests could be also realized on polluted soils in order to evaluate the phytostabilization
impacts on the exposition risks for humans. 相似文献
158.
Dianbao Li Baozhu Pan Liang Chen Yuzhu Wang Taoyi Wang Jun Wang Hao Wang 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2021,33(6):335-350
Trace metal contamination in water and bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms are human health risks of increasing concern. However, the bioaccumulation of trace metals in the organs of the mussel Cristaria plicata in Dongting Lake, China and the human health risks of mussel consumption are largely unknown. We investigated the concentrations of 15 trace metals and metalloids in surface water, sediments, and C. plicata organs (foot, gill, mantle, and visceral mass) and quantified the bioaccumulation and human health risk of these trace metals in specimens collected from Dongting Lake. The concentrations of most metals in surface water exceeded previously published background values. In contrast, the concentrations of most metals in sediments showed a decreasing trend. Overall, the metal concentrations in the gill and visceral masses of C. plicata were higher than those in the foot and mantle, and higher bioaccumulation capacities were observed for essential metals than for nonessential metals. The mean concentrations of the trace elements Zn, Pb, Cd, As, Cu, and Cr in C. plicata foot samples were lower than the threshold values established by international and Chinese organizations. The estimated daily intake (EDI) values of the essential metal Mn in C. plicata foot was higher than the recommended tolerable daily intake (TDI) values for juveniles. Only Mn for juveniles and As for both juveniles and adults may pose noncarcinogenic health risks through foot consumption. The hazard index (HI) values for adults and juveniles were higher than 1, suggesting significant risks of noncarcinogenic effects to humans by exposure to multiple metals. 相似文献
159.
160.
Organochlorine pesticides accumulation and degradation products in vegetation samples of a contaminated area in Galicia (NW Spain) 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Barriada-Pereira M González-Castro MJ Muniategui-Lorenzo S López-Mahía P Prada-Rodríguez D Fernández-Fernández E 《Chemosphere》2005,58(11):1571-1578
The content of 21 organochlorine pesticides were studied in vegetation samples of a highly contaminated area by isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) located close to a former industrial area in Galicia (NW Spain). Five species of plants were collected at different points of the contaminated area and the different parts of the plants were separated in order to study differences in accumulation capabilities. Samples were extracted employing microwave energy followed by a clean-up step using solid phase extraction and finally determined by GC–ECD. The results obtained show that the most abundant pesticides are HCHs isomers, being the main isomers β-HCH and -HCH in all samples whereas δ-HCH and γ-HCH were at lower levels. Some other pesticides such as p,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDD and p,p′-DDE were also present in much lower amount in some of the samples. Several degradation products of HCH were also identified in some samples by GC–MS. 相似文献