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41.
Huan Zhong Ping Li Yongguang Yin Pei Lei Nan Zou Yujiao Liu Weiping Cai Mengjie Wu Wenli Tang Yong Cai Xinbin Feng Shuxiao Wang 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2022,119(9):78-92
Mercury (Hg) could be microbially methylated to the bioaccumulative neurotoxin methylmercury (MeHg), raising health concerns. Understanding the methylation of various Hg species is thus critical in predicting the MeHg risk. Among the known Hg species, mercury sulfide (HgS) is the largest Hg reservoir in the lithosphere and has long been considered to be highly inert. However, with advances in the analytical methods of nanoparticles, HgS nanoparticles (HgS NPs) have recently been detected in various environmental matrices or organisms. Furthermore, pioneering laboratory studies have reported the high bioavailability of HgS NPs. The formation, presence, and transformation (e.g., methylation) of HgS NPs are intricately related to several environmental factors, especially dissolved organic matter (DOM). The complexity of the behavior of HgS NPs and the heterogeneity of DOM prevent us from comprehensively understanding and predicting the risk of HgS NPs. To reveal the role of HgS NPs in Hg biogeochemical cycling, research needs should focus on the following aspects: the formation pathways, the presence, and the environmental behaviors of HgS NPs impacted by the dominant influential factor of DOM. We thus summarized the latest progress in these aspects and proposed future research priorities, e.g., developing the detection techniques of HgS NPs and probing HgS NPs in various matrices, further exploring the interactions between DOM and HgS NPs. Besides, as most of the previous studies were conducted in laboratories, our current knowledge should be further refreshed through field observations, which would help to gain better insights into predicting the Hg risks in natural environment. 相似文献
42.
We studied the effects of catchment characteristics (soil type and land use) on the concentration and quality of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in river water and on the bacterial degradation of terrestrial DOM. The share of organic soil was the strongest predictor of high concentrations of dissolved organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus (DOC, DON, and DOP, respectively), and was linked to DOM quality. Soil type was more important than land use in determining the concentration and quality of riverine DOM. On average, 5–9 % of the DOC and 45 % of the DON were degraded by the bacterial communities within 2–3 months. Simultaneously, the proportion of humic-like compounds in the DOM pool increased. Bioavailable DON accounted for approximately one-third of the total bioavailable dissolved nitrogen, and thus, terrestrial DON can markedly contribute to the coastal plankton dynamics and support the heterotrophic food web. 相似文献
43.
Adaptation pathways are developed to design adaptive policies to handle climate change uncertainty. Use of this tool varies across planning practices and adaptation challenges and adjusting the tool to particular practices can foster its adequate use. To gain insight into the use of adaptation pathways, we compared four initiatives (one each in Portugal and the Czech Republic and two in the Netherlands) with regard to design choices made. We found six design choices which need to be considered when adjusting adaptation pathways. Design choices about the geographic scale, inclusion of sectors, the generation and delineation of adaptation options, specification of possible pathways, the related performance metrics and the type of assessment are interdependent, but they are also influenced by contextual aspects. Analysis of the institutional diversity, planning culture and framing shows that the use of adaptation pathways is flexible enough to be adjusted for diverging planning practices. However, the tool is best suited to deliver local adaptation solutions, and adequate use depends on consensus about the adaptation problem, setting objective thresholds and determining uncertainty about future change. We conclude that understanding the customised use of tools for local planning practices is essential for adaptive policy design. 相似文献
44.
G. Frangipane A. Volpi Ghirardini F. Collavini L. Zaggia A. Pesce D. Tagliapietra 《Chemistry and Ecology》2005,21(6):441-454
The nereid polychaete Hediste diversicolor was frequently used as biomonitor of heavy metals contamination in estuaries. In the present work, the bioaccumulation of five heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb) in tissues of H. diversicolor collected from six salt marshes in the lagoon of Venice is studied by analysing the relationships between concentrations of the operationally-defined reactive fraction of trace metals in sediments and total concentrations in tissues. The characterisation of sediment samples shows a clear distinction between sites near and far from the Industrial Zone; no analogous pattern is observed for tissue concentrations suggesting that metal bioaccumulation is controlled by complex interactions between metal bioavailability and physiological factors. Considering relationships between metals, strong inverse correlations are observed in polychaetes and sediments for Cu and Cr concentrations suggesting a possible interaction between these two metals. The role played by organic matter (OM) in the availability of metal is highlighted considering inverse relationships found between bioaccumulation factors for Cu, Cr, Cd and OM. 相似文献
45.
E. J. Sattout P. D. S. Caligari S. N. Talhouk 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2008,10(1):107-127
The signature and ratification of the convention on biological diversity by the Lebanese government has boosted the declaration
of nature reserves. Cedar forests formed the pilot ecosystems, using international funds, for the implementation of a conservation
programme and development of management plans. Although different in their attributes, all recent nature reserves have the
same basic management objectives and goals but they ignore the idea of taking into account the difference in specific site
features and assets that could boost the success of any management plans. Twelve cedar forests flourish in the Mount Lebanon
chain. These forests are either protected by the forestry law or are declared as nature reserves by the Ministry of Environment.
The results reveal, through Participatory Rural Appraisals and Rapid Rural Appraisals, that religion, geographical location
and land ownership play, to a certain extent, a role in adopting successful management practices of cedar forests. The RRAs
and PRAs spell out the origins of woodcraft, old stories memorized by elderly people and ethnobotanical knowledge. The 4Rs
tools method adopted highlighted the need for more collaboration and synergy of effort between various institutions. The social,
ecological and economic aspects of the regions play a major role in defining the backbone of management plans for cedar forests
in Lebanon. The present paper proposes guidelines for the establishment of a network of cedar nature reserves in Lebanon adopting
collaborative management and assigning a separate role for each reserve; the details rely on the site’s natural features,
as well as socio-economic and cultural characteristics.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue 相似文献
46.
States use a variety of approaches to encourage landowners and loggers to apply ecologically-sustainable timber harvesting practices, the latter generically referred to as timber harvesting guidelines. A survey of 37 state forestry agency administrators in the eastern U.S. (defined as a contiguous region with the northwest and southwest borders being North Dakota and Texas, respectively) was conducted in 2000 to assess the extent and nature of state guideline programs and the various methods by which states encourage their use. The study found states in the eastern U.S. use a variety of policy tools to promote guideline use, with certain policy tools more common for certain target audiences (e.g., loggers) as well as the types of resources (e.g., wildlife habitat) addressed by the guidelines. Eighty-three percent of the programs directed at encouraging forest landowners in the eastern U.S. to use the timber harvesting practices identified in their state guidebooks are technical assistance, educational, or cost-share programs. Technical assistance and education programs are the most common policy tools used to assist loggers in applying sustainable harvesting practices. Technical assistance and cost-share programs consistently rank among the most effective policy tools for encouraging loggers and landowners to apply the guidelines. Comparing the level of program investment to perceived benefits, assistance programs and education programs rank most efficient landowner programs, whereas premium prices for products and preferential access to contracts are the two most efficient programs directed at loggers. The paper concludes with an assessment of emerging trends and additional information needs associated with encouraging the application of sustainable timber harvesting practices. 相似文献
47.
Gerald T. Ankley Nelson A. Thomas Dominic M. Di Toro David J. Hansen John D. Mahony Walter J. Berry Richard C. Swartz Robert A. Hoke A. Wayne Garrison Herbert E. Allen Christopher S. Zarba 《Environmental management》1994,18(3):331-337
Due to anthropogenic inputs, elevated concentrations of metals frequently occur in aquatic sediments. In order to make defensible
estimates of the potential risk of metals in sediments and/or develop sediment quality criteria for metals, it is essential
to identify that fraction of the total metal in the sediments that is bioavailable. Studies with a variety of benthic invertebrates
indicate that interstitial (pore) water concentrations of metals correspond very well with the bioavailability of metals in
test sediments. Many factors may influence pore water concentrations of metals; however, in anaerobic sediments a key phase
controlling partitioning of several cationic metals (cadmium, nickel, lead, zinc, copper) into pore water is acid volatile
sulfide (AVS). In this paper, we present an overview of the technical basis for predicting bioavailability of cationic metals
to benthic organisms based on pore water metal concentrations and metal-AVS relationships. Included are discussions of the
advantages and limitations of metal bioavailability predictions based on these parameters, relative both to site-specific
assessments and the development of sediment quality criteria. 相似文献
48.
C. Schlumpf J. Behringer G. Dürrenberger C. Pahl-Wostl 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》1999,4(1):1-12
Participatory Integrated Assessment (PIA) is an approach which aims at developing methods which allow to combine evaluations
of experts and lay people in the field of Integrated Assessment. Thus, policy recommendations derived from PIA exercises are
informed by scientific judgments and by valuations of “non-scientists”. For any PIA methodology the provision of insights,
facts and figures about the policy problem at hand is crucial.
In this paper we describe a PIA methodology which combines the social science research instrument “focus group” with a specific
computer information tool, the “Personal CO2 Calculator” (PCC). The tool supports citizens in discussing and recommending measures on climate change policy. Based on
our experiences, we plead for information instruments that are tuned to and assist concrete target groups with their specific
interests. This helps that policy recommendations derived from PIA exercises are based on both scientific knowledge as well
as citizens' and stakeholders' policy preferences.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
49.
Surface sediment samples (n = 18) were collected from the Algerian Mediterranean coasts and analyzed for seven metals using inductively coupled plasma-optical
emission spectrometry in order to asses the distribution and bioavailability of metals and to study the anthropogenic factors
affecting their concentrations. Sediment samples were size-fractionated into three sizes: 1,080–500 (coarse), 500–250 (medium),
and <250 mm (fine). Bulk sediments were subjected to both sequential extraction and total digestion to evaluate the reliability
of the sequential extraction procedure (SEP), while the fractions have been only sequentially extracted for metals speciation.
The metals were sequentially extracted into five phases namely exchangeable (P1), carbonates (P2), Fe–Mn oxides (P3), organic
(P4) and residual (P5). Metal recoveries in sequential extractions were ±20% of the independently measured total metal concentrations;
the high recovery rates indicate the good reliability of the SEP used in this study. Correlation coefficients indicated that
the grain size has an effect on the distribution of metals in the investigated samples. The order of metal levels in the fractions
was medium > fine > coarse for all the metals. The average total extractable metal concentrations for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni,
Pb, and Zn were 1.1, 8.8, 4.7, 1,291.3, 13.9, 5.7 and 20.4 μg/g, respectively. The northeastern shelf had the lowest metal
levels while the highest were in northwestern part mainly due to the significant tourism activities in the northwestern part.
Comparison of our results to Earth’s crust values and to previous studies points out that our samples were relatively unpolluted
with respect to the heavy metals investigated; most of the metals are not from anthropogenic sources. Enrichment factors as
the criteria for examining the impact of the anthropogenic sources of heavy metals were calculated, and it was observed that
the investigated samples were not contaminated with Cr, Cu, and Fe, moderately contaminated with Ni, Pb, and Cd, and contaminated
with Cd in some sites. The P5 phase had the highest percents of Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Zn. Cadmium and lead were predominant
in the P4 phase, while Cu, Fe and Zn were distributed in the order P5 > P3 > P4 > P2 > P1. The following order of bioavailability
was found with the heavy metals Pb > Cr > Cd > Ni > Zn > Cu > Fe. 相似文献
50.
Gomez-Eyles JL Collins CD Hodson ME 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(4):918-923
Validating chemical methods to predict bioavailable fractions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by comparison with accumulation bioassays is problematic. Concentrations accumulated in soil organisms not only depend on the bioavailable fraction but also on contaminant properties. A historically contaminated soil was freshly spiked with deuterated PAHs (dPAHs). dPAHs have a similar fate to their respective undeuterated analogues, so chemical methods that give good indications of bioavailability should extract the fresh more readily available dPAHs and historic more recalcitrant PAHs in similar proportions to those in which they are accumulated in the tissues of test organisms. Cyclodextrin and butanol extractions predicted the bioavailable fraction for earthworms (Eisenia fetida) and plants (Lolium multiflorum) better than the exhaustive extraction. The PAHs accumulated by earthworms had a larger dPAH:PAH ratio than that predicted by chemical methods. The isotope ratio method described here provides an effective way of evaluating other chemical methods to predict bioavailability. 相似文献