The three-year monitoring of 18 elements in five edible mushroom species collected from an old orchard

Abstract

The content of Al, As, Be, Cd, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Li, Mg, Mn, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in fruiting bodies of edible mushrooms Calocybe gambosa, Entoloma clypeatum, Entoloma saepium, Xerocomellus chrysenteron, and Amanita rubescens growing in an orchard planted with fruit trees and situated close to a high-grown forest was studied during years 2016–2018. A. rubescens showed the highest potential of the element accumulation with bioconcentration factors of 48.5, 16.2, 7.80, 6.53, 1.75, and 1.68 obtained for Rb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Sr, and Mg, respectively. Both Entoloma species accumulated the elements similarly with bioconcentration factors >1.0 obtained for Rb, Cu, Cd, and Mg. Bioconcentration factors <0.05 were obtained for Al, Cr, Fe, and Pb in all studied species. The contents of beryllium (<0.1?mg/kg dry matter) were always the lowest among the studied elements. The contents of some elements of studied mushroom species significantly fluctuated over the years. Despite the fact that some studied elements (As, Be, Cd, Pb, Ni) are considerably toxic for humans, the pronounced effect on health is not expected if the studied mushroom species are consumed occasionally and do not represent the main component of the diet.     

Biofilm formation and microbial activity in a biofilter system in the presence of MTBE, ETBE and TAME

Emerging water contaminants derived from unleaded gasoline such as methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) and tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME), are in need of effective bioremediation technologies for restoring water resources. In order to design the conditions of a future groundwater bioremediating biofilter, this work assesses the potential use of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus M10, Rhodococcus ruber E10 and Gordonia amicalis T3 for the removal of MTBE, ETBE and TAME in consortia or as individual strains. Biofilm formation on an inert polyethylene support material was assessed with scanning electron microscopy, and consortia were also analysed with fluorescent in situ hybridisation to examine the relation between the strains. A. calcoaceticus M10 was the best coloniser, followed by G. amicalis T3, however, biofilm formation of pair consortia favoured consortium M10-E10 both in formation and activity. However, degradation batch studies determined that neither consortium exhibited higher degradation than individual strain degradation. The physiological state of the three strains was also determined through flow cytometry using propidium iodide and 3′-dihexylocarbocyanine iodide thus gathering information on their viability and activity with the three oxygenates since previous microbial counts revealed slow growth. Strain E10 was observed to have the highest physiological activity in the presence of MTBE, and strain M10 activity with TAME was only maintained for 24 h, thus we believe that biotransformation of MTBE occurs within the active periods established by the cytometry analyses. Viable cell counts and oxygenate removal were determined in the presence of the metabolites tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) and tert-amyl alcohol (TAA), resulting in TBA biotransformation by M10 and E10, and TAA by M10. Our results show that A. calcoaceticus M10 and the consortium M10-E10 could be adequate inocula in MTBE and TAME bioremediating technologies.     

生物技术处理废水的研究进展

随着经济的发展和人民生活水平的提高，所排放的废水日益增多，造成的环境危害也日趋严重。采用生物技术处理废水具有许多明显的优点。本文详细介绍了生物技术在废水处理中的应用进展及前沿动态。     

玉米育苗移栽防御低温冷害和春旱试验研究

为防御玉米低温冷害和春旱,在吉林省东部开展了玉米育苗移栽田间试验。结果表明,玉米育苗移栽是一项简便有效的防灾、减灾实用技术。利用该项技术可增加220～250℃·d积温,因此可采用较当地大田播种生育期长10～15天、所需积温多230℃·d的偏晚熟品种,以避开播种出苗期干旱;产量和产值分别提高40%和35%左右,并可提早成熟,防霜害,提高玉米品质。     

三峡库区扩种龙眼荔枝的适宜性分析

荔枝与龙眼系亚热带水果,集中分布于闽粤两省,三峡库区上段河谷两侧也有零星分布,是该类水果分布的最北界。这类水果在训区栽培始于汉唐时代,并被列为贡品荔枝与龙眼系喜温性水果,库区栽培间冻害发生,成为限制扩大栽培的主要因素,故多分布于万县－重庆江段两海拔２００ｍ上下地段,水库蓄水后,原栽培区部分被淹没,但水体有增温作用,为扩大栽培提供了有利的条件。研究了万县－重庆沿江两岸河谷地段与非河谷地段适宜载种范围     

SBAR反应器生物膜生长特性

采用载体吸附法的自固定化方式培养出活性良好的颗粒污泥———悬浮载体生物膜颗粒,并建立了生物膜物化特性和生化特性的系统分析方法。试验装置采用SBAR反应器,投加人工配水,裸载体为陶粒(湿视密度1 310 kg/m3、平均粒径0.55 mm)。试验运行了110 d,反应器内最大污泥浓度12.4 g/L,最大附着污泥浓度9.52 g/L。     

Investigate of in situ sludge reduction in sequencing batch biofilm reactor: Performances,mechanisms and comparison of different carriers

Biofilm is an effective simultaneous denitrification and in situ sludge reduction system, and the characteristics of different biofilm carrier have important implications for biofilm growth and in situ sludge reduction. In this study, the performance and mechanism of in situ sludge reduction were compared between FSC-SBBR and SC-SBBR with constructed by composite floating spherical carriers (FSC) and multi-faceted polyethylene suspension carriers (SC), respectively. The variation of EPS concentration indicated that the biofilm formation of FSC was faster than SC. Compared with SCSBBR, the FSC-SBBR yielded 0.16 g MLSS/g COD, almost 27.27% less sludge. The average removal rates of COD and NH₄⁺-N were 93.39% and 96.66%, respectively, which were 5.21% and 1.43% higher than the average removal rate of SC-SBBR. Investigation of the mechanisms of sludge reduction revealed that, energy uncoupling metabolism and sludge decay were the main factors for sludge reduction inducing 43.13% and 49.65% less sludge, respectively, in FSC-SBBR. EEM fluorescence spectroscopy and SUVA analysis showed that the hydrolytic capacity of biofilm attached in FSC was stronger than those of SC, and the hydrolysis of EPS released more DOM contributed to lysis-cryptic growth metabolism. In additional, Bacteroidetes and Mizugakiibacter associated with sludge reduction were the dominant phylum and genus in FCS-SBBR. Thus, the effect of simultaneous in situ sludge reduction and pollutant removal in FSC-SBBR was better.

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A-O1-O2生物膜系统动力学模型的研究

采用A—O1-O2生物膜系统处理模拟废水,通过动力学分析与推导,并根据实验数据求取相关的动力学参数,最后得出A、O1、O2单段以及系统整体对于CODCr,和NH4＋-N降解的动力学模型,一方面为了便于从理论上分析去除CODCr、NH4＋-N的规律,另一方面为该系统的实际工程设计和应用提供理论依据。     

利用天敌控制水葫芦疯长研究

从产地引入象甲,研究它在高海拔低纬度———昆明的生活习性,经安全性、适应性、控制效果的试验研究,证实水葫芦象甲对23个科、46种植物不产生危害,只取食水葫芦,是单食性昆虫。象甲对水葫芦重量控制率平均为54.3％,株高控制率为42.4％,根长控制率为19.2％,叶片控制率为10.6％,植株分蘖控制率达32％。象甲在昆明具有良好的生物学适应性。对控制滇池水葫芦疯长,恢复生物多样性、保持生态平衡具有重要价值。     

处理生活污水湿地植物的筛选与净化潜力评价

为了建立一套科学的湿地植物筛选与净化潜力评价体系,以17种湿地植物为材料,在综合应用原有各种湿地植物筛选与评价指标的基础上,增加植物逆境酶和基质酶,对所有指标进行聚类分析.结果表明,17种植物的根系数量、长度、活力、叶片过氧化物酶活性、生长量、氮磷平均浓度、氮磷的积累能力存在一定的差异,根系附近基质脲酶活性与磷酸酶活性也存在一定的差异.根据净化潜力的综合评价体系,可以把17种植物聚类为3大类,第1大类净化潜力较强,包括美人蕉、芦苇、风车草、水葱、再力花、千屈菜、花叶美人蕉;第2大类净化潜力中等,包括菖蒲、花叶芦竹、香蒲、梭鱼草;第3大类净化潜力较弱,包括野芋、鸢尾、灯心草、葱兰、泽泻、花菖蒲.