Degradation of MTBE and TBA by a new isolate from MTBE-contaminated soil

Methyl ten-butyl ether （MTBE）, a gasoline additive, possesses serious problems to the environmental health. In the present study, a bacterial culture named A-3 which could effectively degrade MTBE was isolated from the MTBE contaminated soil. The isolate was identified as Chryseobacterium sp., a new species capable of degrading MTBE. In order to enhance its degradation ability, selected environment factors were investigated. The results showed that the optimal temperature was in the range of 25-30℃, the pH was 7.0, the inoculum size was 2 × 10^8 CFU/ml and the optimal concentration of MTBE was from 50 to 100 mg/L. The maximum MTBE utilization rate （Vmax） was 102 nmol MTBE/（mg cell protein.h）. Furthermore, it was found that the isolate could also degrade tert-butyl alcohol （TBA）. The degradation rates of TBA were much faster than those of MTBE. The additional TBA would lead to the decrease of the initial MTBE degradation rate and the inhibitory effect of TBA increased with the increase of TBA concentration. Similar protein profiles at least seven peptides were demonstrated after SDS-PAGE analysis of crude extracts obtained from the cells growing in MTBE and TBA culture.     

毛叶山桐子培育新方法及其工程化研究

毛叶山桐子的人工培育困难,至今没有人工林地。本研究通过小型试验、扩大试验和工程化试验,对毛叶山桐子的育苗方法进行了系统研究,得出了毛叶山桐子育苗的最佳条件。     

营养杯育苗造林在杨家杖子尾矿库生态恢复中的应用

文中介绍了杨家杖子尾矿库坝体治理及一期库坝体植被恢复和沉积滩种植实验工作情况。在植被恢复工作中，采用“营养杯育苗造林”的方法，取得了显著的成效，值得类似条件下的有色金属矿山尾矿库植被恢复工作的借鉴和引用。     

溶解氧对OLAND生物膜反应器硝化性能的影响及其微生物种群动态研究

采用以多孔球悬浮填料为载体的限氧亚硝化生物膜处理高氨氮、低碳源的废水,通过对DO控制在0.5~1.0 mg/L,实现硝化阶段出水中的氨氮与亚硝态氮的比例达到最适值1∶(1.2±0.2),从而为后阶段的厌氧氨氧化系统提供理想的进水,进而提高氮的去除率;同时应用PCR-DGGE对硝化阶段不同时期的生物膜中微生物的种群动态变化进行了分析。研究表明,群落结构和优势种群的数量具有时序动态性,微生物多样性与废水的处理效果出现协同变化的特征。测序结果表明,在生物膜中进行氨氧化作用的主要为亚硝化杆菌(Ni-trosomonassp.)、亚硝化螺菌(Nitrosospirasp.);进行亚硝酸氧化的主要为硝化球菌(Nitrococcussp.)。     

黑龙江省气候变化对粮食生产的影响

收集1986~2000年黑龙江省79个县市农业生产资料和30个气象台站逐日气温、降水资料,应用柯布-道格拉斯生产函数方法将粮食产量分解为气候产量和经济产量,然后用EOF方法分析了粮食产量、气候影响程度指数、≥10℃积温、生长季降水的时空变化特征及其关系。结果表明:15年间全省粮食产量稳步增加,气候变暖趋势明显但降水变化不显著,变暖对粮食生产有利,降水的变化未对粮食产量产生实质影响。15年间气候影响程度总体增大,但气候变化及其影响具有时空差异性:1986~1993年北部和西南部积温增加明显,粮食产量增加大于东北部和东南部;1993~2000年东北部和东南部积温增加明显,粮食产量增加超过北部和西南部。     

Effect of dilution rate on dynamic and steady-state biofilm characteristics during phenol biodegradation by immobilized Pseudomonas desmolyticum cells in a pulsed plate bioreactor

Continuous pulsed plate bioreactor (PPBR) was used for phenol biodegradation. Pseudomonas desmolyticum cells immobilized on granular activated carbon was used. Dynamic and steady state biofilm characteristics depend on dilution rate (DR). Lower DR favour phenol degradation and uniform, thick biofilm formation. Exo polymeric substance production in biofilm are favoured at lower dilution rates. Pulsed plate bioreactor (PPBR) is a biofilm reactor which has been proven to be very efficient in phenol biodegradation. The present paper reports the studies on the effect of dilution rate on the physical, chemical and morphological characteristics of biofilms formed by the cells of Pseudomonas desmolyticum on granular activated carbon (GAC) in PPBR during biodegradation of phenol. The percentage degradation of phenol decreased from 99% to 73% with an increase in dilution rate from 0.33 h?1 to 0.99 h?1 showing that residence time in the reactor governs the phenol removal efficiency rather than the external mass transfer limitations. Lower dilution rates favor higher production of biomass, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) as well as the protein, carbohydrate and humic substances content of EPS. Increase in dilution rate leads to decrease in biofilm thickness, biofilm dry density, and attached dry biomass, transforming the biofilm from dense, smooth compact structure to a rough and patchy structure. Thus, the performance of PPBR in terms of dynamic and steady-state biofilm characteristics associated with phenol biodegradation is a strong function of dilution rate. Operation of PPBR at lower dilution rates is recommended for continuous biologic treatment of wastewaters for phenol removal.     

农作物种植结构与农民收入及其对环境影响的分析

农民增收问题是三农问题的重要环节。本文以湖南省张家界市慈利县零溪镇大庄村第五、八、十六组为研究对象,分析了自1980年实行土地包产到户以来农作物种植结构的变化及农民收入之间的关系,认为在本地以柑橘为主的单一类型农作物规模化经营最有利于降低农民劳动强度、提高农民收入,对环境既有正面影响也有负面影响,并对其带来的环境影响提出了思考和建议。     

内蒙古草地生长季植被变化对气候因子的响应

基于MODIS NDVI数据,研究分析了2000-2010年内蒙古典型草原、草甸草原和荒漠草原生长季NDVI时空变化趋势,探讨不同类型草地生长季NDVI对温度、降水的响应。结果表明,内蒙古草地生长季NDVI整体年增长速率为0.735%,典型草原最为明显,年增长率达到1.063%;但是仍有31.807%的草地NDVI呈现下降趋势,其中典型草原、草甸草原和荒漠草原分别有8.664×10⁴、6.814×10⁴、2.841×10⁴ km²。除东北部草甸草原外,大部分草地生长季NDVI与降水量的相关性高于温度;草地生长季NDVI与温度和降水的相关系数均呈现出草甸草原>典型草原>荒漠草原的变化规律。内蒙古草地植被变化对温度和降水的响应具有滞后作用,且具有明显的经度地带性和纬度地带性特征,其滞后时间随着经度和纬度的增加逐渐减少。     

Denitrification and biofilm growth in a pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers for biological nitrogen removal from secondary effluent

Tertiary denitrification is an effective method for nitrogen removal from wastewater. A pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers was operated for tertiary denitrification with ethanol as the organic carbon source. Long-term performance, biokinetics of denitrification and biofilm growth were evaluated under filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr. The pilot-scale biofilter removed nitrate from the secondary effluent effectively, and the nitrate nitrogen(NO_3-N) removal percentage was 82%, 78% and 55% at the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. At the filtration velocities of 6 and 10 m/hr, the nitrate removal loading rate increased with increasing influent nitrate loading rates, while at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr, the removal loading rate and the influent loading rate were uncorrelated.During denitrification, the ratio of consumed chemical oxygen demand to removed NO_3-N was 3.99–4.52 mg/mg. Under the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, the maximum denitrification rate was 3.12, 4.86 and 4.42 g N/(m~2·day), the half-saturation constant was 2.61, 1.05 and 1.17 mg/L, and the half-order coefficient was 0.22, 0.32 and 0.24(mg/L)1/2/min,respectively. The biofilm biomass increased with increasing filtration velocity and was 2845,5124 and 7324 mg VSS/m~2 at filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. The highest biofilm density was 44 mg/cm~3 at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr. Due to the low influent loading rate, biofilm biomass and thickness were lowest at the filtration velocity of 6 m/hr.     

2000-2013年塔里木河流域生长季NDVI时空变化特征及其影响因素分析

受塔里木河流域综合治理工程实施和近期气候变化的影响,流域植被覆被时空分布产生一定的变化,厘清植被覆被与流域气候变化及人类活动的关系可以为塔里木河流域生态维护与治理提供科学参考依据。为此,论文以NDVI为指示因子,运用趋势分析、R/S分析、偏相关分析以及残差分析等方法,分析了2000-2013年综合治理工程期间NDVI的时空变化特征,并探讨及区分降水、气温气候因子以及人类活动对植被覆被变化的影响范围和程度,结果表明：1）2000-2013年,塔里木河流域植被生长季NDVI总体呈现增加趋势,增加速率为0.8%/10 a,平原区增速明显高于山区;且开都河-孔雀河流域山区、塔里木河干流的上、中游部分地区呈现比较明显的退化趋势。与此同时,塔里木河干流下游生长季NDVI持续改善。2）山区植被覆被变化主要受气候变化的影响,其中温度是高山区植被生长的主要限制因子,温度的增加促进植被的生长;中低山区以及出山口平原地区植被生长季NDVI变化是降水和温度共同作用的结果,且主要受降水的影响。降水与植被生长季NDVI变化呈正相关,温度与植被生长季NDVI变化呈负相关。3）平原绿洲区植被生长季NDVI增加主要是绿洲灌区面积不断增加以及塔里木河流域生态治理工程对植被恢复的结果,人类活动是该区域植被生长的主要驱动力。4）塔里木河干流生态闸工程在恢复下游植被的同时,也在一定程度上影响了上、中游地区的用水,尤其是导致中游植被出现退化趋势,退化速率约为0.1%/10 a。相关部门应进一步加强水资源的合理配置,充分发挥生态闸工程的水资源调度调控作用。