Observations on metal trends in soil and vegetation samples collected in the vicinity of a hazardous waste incinerator under construction (1996–1998)

The temporal variation in metal concentrations in soil and vegetation samples collected in an area of Catalonia (Spain), which will be under the potential influence of a new hazardous waste incinerator was determined. In 1996 and again in 1998, As, Be, Cd, Cr, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, Tl and V were measured in 40 soil and 40 herbage samples collected at 250–4000 m from the facility at the same sampling points. Data of both surveys and the percentages of variation are here presented for all metals. Results are shown according to the main wind directions in the area, as well as distances from the new facility. During the period 1996–1998, a general decrease was noted for most metals. Only the levels of Hg were significantly increased during this period. The present results will be useful for future surveys aimed to evaluate the environmental impact of metals derived from emissions of the new plant.     

废手机面板焚烧产物研究

以废手机面板为试验材料,利用热重分析仪(TGA)研究热处理失重特征,同时利用气相色谱仪-质谱仪联用(GC-MS)对管式炉试验系统焚烧产物进行分析. 结果表明:废手机面板焚烧失重温度为128.3～558.1 ℃,最大失重温度为357.4 ℃;焚烧废手机面板导致面板组成材料液晶、偏光片和取向剂等发生化学反应,焚烧产物除CO₂外,还含有醛、酮、联苯酚、苯胺等芳香族化合物和少量的苯并吡喃、萘、菲、吡啶等多环芳烃(PAHs). 由于焚烧产物中绝大多数是有毒有害物质,部分可致癌,故废手机面板不宜焚烧处理,如与其他固体废物混合焚烧,必须采取相应的污染控制措施.      

市政污泥与生活垃圾掺烧工艺探讨

本文概括介绍了国内市政污泥处理处置的现状和目前不同类型的市政污泥处理处置技术，根据国外经验和国内情况做了市政污泥与生活垃圾掺烧的探讨，并总结了通过掺烧试验进行的工程应用实践。     

Coconut oil as a fuel in the Pacific Islands

The steadily increasing world market prices for fossil fuels in the past years have significantly increased interest in the development of indigenous sources of energy in the Pacific islands. As an import substitution strategy, many Pacific island Governments are looking into the use of local biomass resources to replace traditionally imported fuels such as petrol and diesel by biofuels. An overview of biofuel activities is given, with experiences and key achievements in Fiji, Samoa, Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea, Kiribati and Marshall Islands with regard to efforts to develop alternative fuels. There are strong linkages between developments in the various Pacific island countries and lessons to be learned from experiences and policies implemented among Governments in the Pacific region. The paper concludes that there is a need for standardization, quality control and testing facilities for biofuels in the region. Governments need to investigate further the level of support that is required to make biofuel operations viable and maximize macroeconomic and environmental benefits.     

污泥焚烧过程中氯化物对Cd迁移行为的影响

采用固定层燃炉及向污泥中添加Cd方式,分别研究了污泥焚烧过程中有机氯(PVC)与无机氯(NaCl)对Cd迁移转化行为的影响,同时考察了不同焚烧条件下Cd的迁移及分布规律.结果表明,污泥焚烧过程中不同氯化物的加入均增强了Cd向飞灰或者烟气中迁移,但随着氯化物加入量的增加,Cd挥发增加的趋势并不明显.随温度的升高,有机氯(PVC)与无机氯(NaCl)均使得Cd在底渣中的分布减少,而焚烧时间及初始浓度对Cd迁移分布没有显著影响.底渣和飞灰的SEM-EDS和XRD分析表明,污泥焚烧过程中NaCl的加入导致Cd易与氯化物形成CdCl2、Na2CdCl4、K2CdCl6、K2CdSiO4和NaCdO2,而PVC的加入,除了与Cd形成Na2CdCl4和CdCl2外,还生成了K4CdCl6和K6CdO4氯化物,可见有机氯(PVC)与无机氯(NaCl)对Cd迁移转化影响主要与Cd的生成物种类及形态有关.     

医疗废物焚烧炉运行前后5年周边土壤重金属对比分析研究

为研究医疗废物焚烧炉对周边土壤中重金属含量的影响,对某典型焚烧厂周围土壤进行了运行前和运行5年(2007—2012年)后重金属含量的采样分析研究.共采集20个土壤样品、2个飞灰样品,并对其中砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铜(Cu)、汞(Hg)、镍(Ni)、铅(Pb)、锑(Sb)、钒(V)、锌(Zn)共10种重金属的含量进行了测定.结果显示,除Pb外,其余金属元素含量都有不同程度的升高.主成分分析表明,医疗废物焚烧厂并不是该区域土壤中重金属的唯一污染来源,还存在其它潜在污染源.健康风险评估结果显示,砷(As)在非致癌及致癌风险评估中都明显超标,必须严格控制砷排放,降低砷在环境中的含量.     

钠添加剂对NOxOUT工艺影响的研究

在苯胺废液流化床焚烧实验装置上进行了以尿素做还原剂的选择性非催化还原脱硝(NOxOUT)试验,研究了不同钠添加剂(Na2CO3、NaOH和NaCl)对脱硝率以及温度窗口的影响.结果显示:微量的钠添加剂即可明显促进脱硝反应,脱硝率随着钠添加剂用量的增加而升高,钠添加剂通过产生·OH活性基团从而促进脱硝反应,3种钠添加剂对脱硝效果促进作用大小依次为NaOH、Na2CO3、NaCl,在温度为900~950℃,氨氮比为1.5,空气过剩系数为1.0~1.2时,NOxOUT脱硝率达到最大值.利用热力学原理计算出NOxOUT脱硝反应的摩尔反应焓、摩尔反应吉布斯函数、化学平衡常数等热力学参数,结果表明NOxOUT脱硝是热力学可行的.     

Quantifying and managing regional greenhouse gas emissions：Waste sector of Daejeon, Korea

A credible accounting of national and regional inventories for the greenhouse gas （GHG） reduction has emerged as one of the most significant current discussions. This article assessed the regional GHG emissions by three categories of the waste sector in Daejeon Metropolitan City （DMC）, Korea, examined the potential for DMC to reduce GHG emission, and discussed the methodology modified from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Korea national guidelines. During the last five years, DMC＇s overall GHG emissions were 239 thousand tons C02 eq./year from eleven public environmental infrastructure facilities, with a population of 1.52 million. Of the three categories, solid waste treatment/disposal contributes 68%, whilst wastewater treatment and others contribute 22% and 10% respectively. Among GHG unit emissions per ton of waste treatment, the biggest contributor was waste incineration of 694 kg CO2 eq./ton, followed by waste disposal of 483 kg CO2 eq./ton, biological treatment of solid waste of 209 kg CO2 eq./ton, wastewater treatment of 0.241 kg CO2 eq./m3, and public water supplies of 0.067 kg CO2 eq./m3. Furthermore, it is suggested that the potential in reducing GHG emissions from landfill process can be as high as 47.5% by increasing landfill gas recovery up to 50%. Therefore, it is apparent that reduction strategies for the main contributors of GHG emissions should take precedence over minor contributors and lead to the best practice for managing GHGs abatement.     

基于ANSYS Fluent系统的炉排炉垃圾焚烧过程数值模拟

为系统深入地研究机械炉排式垃圾焚烧炉内的焚烧特性,利用ANSYS Fluent软件进行了炉排炉内垃圾焚烧特性的数值模拟,模拟结果与实际运行数据基本一致。在此基础上,对炉排运行速度、进料含水率及助燃风含氧量等关键燃烧特性参数对垃圾焚烧过程的影响规律进行了模拟研究。     

重庆市垃圾焚烧厂汞的分布特征与大气汞排放因子研究

垃圾焚烧是大气汞的重要排放源之一.为了解重庆市垃圾焚烧行业大气汞污染水平,研究选取了重庆市典型生活垃圾焚烧厂和医疗垃圾焚烧厂,采用美国环保署的30B标准方法对烟气汞排放进行了现场测试,同时采集垃圾焚烧后的飞灰和炉渣样品进行分析.结果表明,测试得到生活垃圾焚烧厂和医疗垃圾焚烧厂排放的烟气中汞质量浓度分别为(26.4±22.7)μg·m-3和(3.1±0.8)μg·m-3;生活垃圾和医疗垃圾焚烧飞灰中汞含量分别为(5 279.2±798.0)μg·kg-1和(11 709.5±460.5)μg·kg-1.生活垃圾焚烧过程中仅0.7%汞残留在炉渣中,65.3%在飞灰中,烟气排放占34.0%,脱汞效率为66.0%;医疗垃圾焚烧过程中0.2%汞残留在炉渣中,67.5%存在飞灰中,烟气排放占32.3%,脱汞效率为67.7%.实测得到重庆市生活垃圾焚烧和医疗垃圾焚烧厂大气汞排放因子分别为(126.7±109.0)μg·kg-1和(46.5±12.0)μg·kg-1.与国内珠三角地区生活垃圾焚烧厂相比,重庆市生活垃圾焚烧厂的大气汞排放因子较低.