Numerical model to quantify biogenic volatile organic compound emissions: The Pearl River Delta region as a case study

This article compiles the actual knowledge of the biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions estimated using model methods in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, one of the most developed regions in China. The developed history of BVOC emission models is presented briefly and three typical emission models are introduced and compared. The results from local studies related to BVOC emissions have been summarized. Based on this analysis, it is recommended that local researchers conduct BVOC emission studies systematically, from the assessment of model inputs, to compiling regional emission inventories to quantifying the uncertainties and evaluating the model results. Beyond that, more basic researches should be conducted in the future to close the gaps in knowledge on BVOC emission mechanisms, to develop the emission models and to refine the inventory results. This paper can provide a perspective on these aspects in the broad field of research associated with BVOC emissions in the PRD region.     

Reviews of emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in Asia

Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in the atmosphere play important roles in the formation of ground-level ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in global scale and also in regional scale under some condition due to their large amount and relatively higher reactivity. In places with high plant cover in the tropics and in China where air pollution is serious, the effect of BVOCs on ozone and secondary organic aerosols is strong. The present research aims to provide a comprehensive review about the emission rate, emission inventory, research methods, the influencing factors of BVOCs emissions, as well as their impacts on atmospheric environment quality and human health in recent years in Asia based on the summary and analysis of literatures. It is suggested to use field direct measurement method to obtain the emission rate and model method to calculate the emission amount. Several recommendations are given for future investigation and policy development on BVOCs emission.     

Natural bitumens versus oil pollution in the Vlasina lake peat

Free and associated bitumens were isolated by sequential extraction from Vlasina lake peat (SE Serbia) and were investigated in order to differentiate between oil pollution and natural bitumens. Four peat samples were collected at different depths, on a peat island. Gas chromatographic (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis revealed the presence of three markedly different bitumen fractions. Here we show that the free bitumens are representing the native peat bitumens. The two associated bitumens are mainly the products of bacterial rework of organic substance, which were then trapped by two differing mechanisms. The bitumens characteristics and association features exclude a contribution of oil pollution.Selected article from the Regional Symposium on Chemistry and Environment Krusevac, Serbia, June 2003, organised by Dr. Branimir Jovancicevic.     

草酸盐介导下含As(V)黄钾铁矾的相转化过程与As(V)的再分配行为

黄钾铁矾能够通过吸附和共沉淀作用固定酸性矿山废水（AMD）中的重（类）金属（如砷）,降低其迁移性和生物可利用性.草酸盐广泛存在于天然水环境中,其具有的羧酸官能团能改变铁矿物的稳定性,进而影响吸持的重（类）金属的再分配行为.利用水热法合成含As（V）黄钾铁矾,探究其在不同草酸盐浓度与pH条件下的溶解、重结晶和共沉淀As（V）的行为.研究结果表明,草酸盐与含As（V）黄钾铁矾表面Fe（III）活性位点配位形成的可溶性强络合物是促进矿物溶解的第一步和关键;在pH 2.5时,含As（V）黄钾铁矾的溶解速率随草酸盐浓度增加而增加,伴随大量As（V）释放到溶液,反应过程中只有少量As（V）重新吸附到固相上,这是由于草酸盐与As（V）竞争矿物表面的同一活性位点;在pH 6.5条件下,草酸盐促进含As（V）黄钾铁矾的重结晶,经X射线衍射分析表明针铁矿和纤铁矿为主要产物,能有效地吸附释放的As（V）.研究结果有助于揭示在AMD环境下黄钾铁矾沉积物与含羧酸官能团有机酸共存时对As（V）的释放和固定机理,对AMD环境中As（V）污染控制有重要意义.     

Distribution and contamination of metals and biogenic elements in sediments from Zhifu Bay of the Yellow Sea, China

Metals and biogenic elements were analyzed from surface sediments of sixteen stations and a 32 cm core collected from Zhifu Bay in July 2009. High concentrations of biogenic silica (BSi) reflected the high diatom productivity in the Bay. Meanwhile, total organic carbon (TOC) in Zhifu Bay was mainly from terrestrial sources. All metals were lower than the marine sediment quality guidelines. Based on the vertical profiles of biogenic elements, there was a clear increase of TOC, total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphate (TP) between 1985 and 2000. TN concentrations decreased after the start of the operation of the sewage treatment plant in 1998; however TOC and BSi remained at high levels. Metal concentrations showed a general increase from the bottom to the top of the core. Most anthropogenic metals reached a maximum during 1996 and 2000, and decreased after the startup of the sewage plant; however, they have increased again recently. The results from correlation analysis and principal component analysis show that industrial pollution is the main source of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn contamination in Zhifu Bay, and Yantai Port and ship transportation also contribute a lot to Cd, Cu, Hg, and Pb pollution.     

高效液相色谱串联质谱检测地表水中五种生物胺

采用固相萃取及高效液相色谱串联质谱技术,建立了地表水中5种生物胺（腐胺、尸胺、2-苯乙胺、酪胺、色胺）的测定方法。水样中2-苯乙胺、酪胺和色胺可直接进样测定,腐胺和尸胺经HLB固相萃取柱富集,乙腈洗脱,氮吹浓缩至1.0mL后进样液相色谱串联质谱分析,以选择离子监测（SRM）模式定量分析。在本实验条件下,加标回收率在89.4%～122%之间,相对标准偏差2.15%～11.9%（n=7）,检出限在0.05～5μg/L。     

Estimation of vegetative mercury emissions in China

Vegetative mercury emissions were estimated within the framework of Biogenic Emission Inventory System (BEIS3 V3.11). In this estimation, the 19 categories of U.S. Geological Survey landcover data were incorporated to generate the vegetation-specific mercury emissions in a 81-km Lambert Conformal model grid covering the total Chinese continent. The surface temperature and cloud-corrected solar radiation from a Mesoscale Meteorological model (MM5) were retrieved and used for calculating the diurnal variation...     

营养条件对氧化亚铁硫杆菌生长及其铁沉淀的影响研究

为减少氧化亚铁硫杆菌培养过程中沉淀的产生,对其营养条件进行优化,研究不同氮源、磷源、初始Fe2+质量浓度及pH值对菌体生长和沉淀量的影响。结果表明:最佳氮源(NH4)2HPO4质量浓度为1.5 g/L时,取代了(NH4)2SO4和K2HPO4,同时作为氮源和磷源;优化后的培养基初始Fe2+质量浓度为13.5 g/L,pH值为1.8。优化后培养条件下菌体生长有较高氧化活性且沉淀量少。     

基于不同能源底物和营养水平的酸性矿山废水产生机制研究

硫化矿物在氧气、水和铁氧化细菌的共同作用下会形成pH值极低、富含可溶性Fe、SO₄^2-和重金属离子等的酸性矿山废水.本研究选取黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿和黄铜矿作为能源底物,以及0×9K、1/4×9K、1/2×9K、1×9K培养基作为营养水平,在氧化亚铁硫杆菌（Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans）的参与下,从能源底物和营养水平角度探索不同硫化矿物酸性废水的产生特点和机制.结果表明,3种硫化矿物的生物产酸能力依次为黄铁矿>磁黄铁矿≈黄铜矿.经过38 d的生化反应后,黄铁矿体系的pH值达到1.41,总Fe （TFe）和SO₄^2-浓度分别达到771.82 mg·L^-1和357.25 mg·L^-1.水体营养水平在黄铁矿的生物产酸过程中起着至关重要的作用.经过16 d的生化反应后,0×9K、1/4×9K、1/2×9K、1×9K培养基处理的终点pH值分别为1.68、1.44、1.30、1.29.根据各营养体系中Fe²⁺和TFe浓度的变化趋势,以及反应终点收集矿物的X射线衍射（XRD）和扫描电镜（SEM）,分析认为充足的营养会提高Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans的活性或密度,加快Fe²⁺生物氧化形成Fe³⁺并通过水解产酸作用合成黄钾铁矾等次生铁矿物,从而导致溶液的pH值更低.本研究所得结果对明晰酸性矿山废水形成规律具有一定的指导意义.     

黄钠铁矾法氧化去除废锂电池硫酸浸出液中的铁

废锂电池中含有的Co、Ni和Cu等金属具有回收价值,Fe的存在降低了有价金属的回收效率。为去除废锂电池硫酸浸出液中的Fe,采用黄钠铁矾法分别以氯酸钠和过氧化氢作为氧化剂氧化除Fe,并优化了过氧化氢作为氧化剂的除Fe工艺参数。实验结果表明:过氧化氢作为氧化剂的除Fe效果好于氯酸钠;在n(H2O2)∶n(Fe)=0.5、初始溶液pH为1.8、终点pH为2.5、反应时间为2.0 h、搅拌速率为500 r/min的最佳工艺条件下,初始ρ(Fe)为0.212g/L的硫酸浸出液经除Fe处理后ρ(Fe)小于0.004 g/L,Fe去除率达98.0%,Co、Ni和Cu的损失率分别为1.04%、2.17%和1.41%。