Antioxidant and modulatory role of Chlorophytum borivilianum against arsenic induced testicular impairment

Arsenic has a suppressive influence on spermatogenesis and induces impairment in male reproductive system due to oxidative stress. The present study was aimed to test the arsenic induced toxicity and protection by Chlorophytum borivilianum. The effect of sodium arsenite (4 mg/(kg body weight (bw). day)) via double distilled water without or with C. borivilianum (800 mg/(kg bw. day)) was evaluated in Swiss albino mice for 30 days. The radical scavenging activity of the aqueous C. borivilianum root extract was measured using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrayzyl) radical. Qualitative assessment of various cell types in the testis, sperm count and motility, testicular activity of lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), acid and alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol and serum testosterone were monitored. Arsenic treatment showed a significant increase in LPO, acid and alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol and decrease in sperm count, sperm motility, GSH and serum testosterone. Combined treatment showed significant decrease in LPO, acid and alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol and elevation in sperm count, sperm motility, GSH and serum testosterone. Testicular histopathology showed that C. borivilianum had reduced degeneration of germ cell in the seminiferous tubules and loss of sperms induced by arsenic intoxication. The results thus led us to conclude that administration of C. borivilianum root extract is found to be protective against arsenic induced toxicity.     

改良MTT法在鱼类细胞毒性实验中的使用条件

文章利用斑点叉尾鮰鱼卵巢细胞(CCO)、鲤鱼上皮癌细胞(EPC)、草鱼肾细胞(CIK)探讨改良四噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法在测定污染物对鱼类细胞急性毒性实验中的最佳条件。通过实验发现其最佳实验条件为570nm波长下,MTT作用4h,MTT终浓度1mg/mL,最佳接种量的确定因每种细胞的特性而不同,生长速度快的细胞接种量较少。     

重金属Cu2+、Cd2+及氯氰菊酯对不同施肥模式土壤微生物功能多样性的影响

通过研究外源污染物在不同施肥模式土壤中的生物有效性,可为预测、降低污染物的生态环境效应提供理论依据.以3种不同施肥模式的土壤为材料［连续16 a：不施肥(CK)、施用腐熟豆饼+秸秆(OM)和施用NPK化肥(NPK)］,利用Biolog方法研究了Cu²⁺(100 mg/kg)、Cd²⁺(5　mg/kg)、氯氰菊酯(10　mg/kg)单一及复合污染对微生物功能多样性的影响.结果发现,NPK土壤微生物功能多样性最高,培养72　h,其AWCD值(平均吸光值)约为CK的1.19倍,OM的1.62倍.污染物加入后,3种土壤微生物功能多样性出现了不同的响应,NPK土壤下降最大,其次是CK,OM最小.氯氰菊酯与Cd复合污染对微生物功能多样性影响最大,在NPK土壤中AWCD下降了48%,6类碳源的利用能力、Shannon 指数、Simpson 指数和McIntosh 指数均显著降低.尽管氯氰菊酯对3种土壤微生物的碳源利用影响不大,但与重金属,尤其是Cd²⁺复合污染时,对微生物碳源利用的抑制明显加剧.Cu²⁺、Cd²⁺及氯氰菊酯对土壤微生物功能多样性的影响程度,除与土壤有机质含量有关外,可能还取决于有机质的组成和微生物的种群结构.     

15N Metabolic test for the determination of phytotoxic effects of chemicals and contaminated environmental samples

A stable isotope¹⁵N-nitrogen test (ESIMA = Ecotoxicological Stable Isotope Metabolic Assay) was developed to assess biological effects and the potential toxicological hazard of chemicals and contaminated environmental samples on plant metabolism. The assay measures the effect of toxicants on the incorporation of a¹⁵N labelled tracer into the total nitrogen fraction (both the nonprotein and protein fraction) of plants. Segments ofPisum arvense epicotyls are used as test substrates because of their high metabolic activity. The plant material is incubated under standardised conditions for two hours; subsequently¹⁵N incorporation is analysed by determining the¹⁵N abundance (¹⁵N atom-%) in the epicotyl segments. The effects of toxicants are evaluated by comparing the¹⁵N incorporation rates of control tissue and epicotyl segments exposed to individual chemicals or complex environmental samples. The specificity and sensitivity of effects as indicated by ESIMA were compared with effects as measured by two established ecotoxicological bioassays, the pollen tube growth test using pollen ofNicotiana sylvestris and the bacterial luminescence inhibition test using pollen ofPhotobacterium phosphoreum. The results of the study clearly indicate the suitability of ESIMA for assessing toxic impacts on plant nitrogen metabolism. Prof. Dr. habil. Hans Faust dedicated to his 70^th birthday.     

Studies on Formation of Liquid and Gaseous Formaldehyde-Induced DNA-Protein Crosslinks in Rat Marrow Cells

甲醛是一种遗传毒物,流行病学研究表明甲醛可能具有诱导白血病的作用,然而甲醛诱导白血病的机制目前还不清楚. 以不同浓度液态和气态甲醛对大鼠骨髓细胞进行染毒,采用KCl-SDS 法检测了骨髓细胞 DNA-蛋白质交联程度,并采用单细胞凝胶电泳技术(彗星实验)检测了骨髓细胞 DNA 链断裂程度. 研究结果表明:与对照组相比,低浓度甲醛(液态甲醛浓度为:5μmol·L-1和25μmol·L-1;气态甲醛浓度为:0.5mg·m-3 和 1.0mg·m-3)可以引起 DNA断裂水平显著增高 (p<0.01);而高浓度甲醛 (液态甲醛浓度为:125μmol·L-1 和 625μmol·L-1;气态甲醛浓度为:3.0mg·m-3)则可以引起 DNA-蛋白质交联水平显著增高(p<0.01; p<0.05). 研究结果提示:甲醛染毒可以导致大鼠骨髓细胞DNA的损伤,暗示甲醛诱导白血病具有高度的可能性.     

水源水雄激素受体干扰效应及在水处理工艺中的变化

我国很多饮用水源水已检测出雌激素受体干扰效应,但是其他效应如雄激素受体干扰效应却罕见报道。为了弥补这方面资料的缺乏,应用雄激素受体双杂交酵母结合S9代谢方法评价了我国6大流域23个水源地水源水以及3个供水厂不同工艺出水样品的雄激素受体干扰效应。结果显示,所有水源水样品浓缩液均没有检测出雄激素受体直接或间接诱导效应,但都观察到了抑制效应,抑制效应以抑制剂氟他胺当量浓度进行表征:直接抑制效应在0.67~3.68μg·L-1之间,间接抑制效应在0.52~3.02μg·L-1之间;长江三角洲和淮河流域水源地的水源水雄激素抑制效应明显高于其他流域;经S9代谢后,有16个水源地的氟他胺当量比代谢前降低。3个饮用水厂处理工艺能够使源水的雄激素受体抑制效应降低19.1%~70.5%。研究表明,我国水源水中普遍含有雄激素受体干扰效应物质,目前水厂常规处理工艺对雄激素受体干扰效应有一定的去除效果,但不能完全去除。雄激素受体双杂交酵母测试能够快速、综合地对水体中的雄激素受体干扰效应进行评价,是饮用水安全评价的重要补充手段。     

Evaluation of environmental stress by comet assay on freshwater snail Lymnea luteola L. exposed to titanium dioxide nanoparticles

The use of aquatic organisms to monitor for contamination is well-established. Therefore, this study was designed to assess the adverse effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂NP) in freshwater snail Lymnea luteola L. (L. luteola). For TiO₂NPs ecotoxicity tests, snails were exposed for seven days. A dose and time-response relationship was observed for TiO₂NP-induced genotoxicity. Induction of oxidative stress in digestive gland was observed by a decrease in glutathione and gluthathions-S-transferase levels accompanied by elevated malondialdehyde levels at TiO₂NP (9 and 28 µg/mL). Superoxide dismutase activities were markedly reduced at TiO₂NP (9 and 28 µg/mL) at days 1 and 3, but not at day 7. Catalase activities were decreased at days 1 and 3 but increased at higher concentration of TiO₂NP at day 7. DNA fragmentation occurring in L. luteola due to ecotoxic impact TiO₂NP was further substantiated by alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis assay and expressed in terms of percent tail DNA and olive tail moment. The results indicate that the interaction of these TiO₂NP with snail influences the toxicity, which is mediated by oxidative stress in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The measurement of DNA integrity in L. luteola thus provides an early warning signal of contamination of the aquatic ecosystem by TiO₂NP. Data suggest the freshwater snail L. luteola is a potential biomonitor organism.     

抚顺盆地西露天组油页岩微生物碳代谢多样性分析

为探讨油页岩微生物的碳代谢功能多样性,以抚顺盆地西露天组油页岩为研究对象,利用Biolog-GN2和GP2微孔板检测法,在连续7d的培养期内,测定油页岩本源微生物群落水平生理图谱(CLPP),并根据化学基团的不同,分析微生物对不同类型碳源的代谢能力和代谢差异.结果显示,微生物对不同类型碳源的代谢程度和代谢速率存在明显的差异.革兰氏阴性和阳性细菌群落均对氨基类碳源的利用较好,其次是羧酸类以及糖和糖衍生物,而对磷酸糖利用较差.连续多点测算Shannon-Wiener,Simpson和McIntosh多样性指数,分析表明微生物群落碳代谢功能多样性总体较高,但是随着培养时间的增加,多样性略有降低.     

盐酸小檗碱对小鼠脾细胞的DNA损伤和氧化性损伤研究

为了探讨盐酸小檗碱对小鼠的DNA损伤和氧化性损伤。随机选取30只小鼠分成对照组以及7.5,15,30,60与120 mg?kg^-1实验组,处理后,应用小鼠脾细胞进行彗星实验与抗氧化酶实验。测定DNA损伤情况以及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性以及丙二醛（MDA）含量变化。对盐酸小檗碱的DNA损伤与氧化性损伤作用进行比较研究。研究结果表明：彗星实验中,随着盐酸小檗碱浓度的增加,尾部DNA含量、尾长与尾矩均增加,与阴性对照组相比差异有统计学意义（p<0.05或p<0.01）,且呈剂量-效应关系;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)与过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性随盐酸小檗碱剂量增加逐渐降低,丙二醛(MDA)含量明显下降,过氧化物酶(POD)活性在7.5 mg?kg^-1时上升,而后逐渐下降。在60 mg?kg^-1和120 mg?kg^-1时,有极显著性差异（p<0.01）产生。由此可见,盐酸小檗碱对小鼠脾细胞有一定的损伤作用,能够引起小鼠脾细胞的DNA损伤和氧化性损伤。     

硝基甲苯对小鼠睾丸生殖细胞DNA的损伤作用

为提供硝基甲苯的环境遗传毒理学依据和建立鱼类生殖细胞的培养方法,采用昆明小鼠睾丸支持细胞/生殖细胞共培养法以及彗星实验,研究了2,4-二硝基甲苯(2,4-DNT)、2,6-二硝基甲苯(2,6-DNT)、对硝基甲苯(4-NT)对小鼠睾丸生殖细胞DNA的损伤作用.结果表明,3种受试硝基甲苯化合物均能够诱导小鼠睾丸生殖细胞DNA单链断裂,而且其受损率与剂量对数具有明显的剂量-效应关系.2,4-DNT、2,6-DNT以及4-NT的各个剂量浓度引起细胞DNA损伤的程度,与对照组相比,均具有显着性差异(p<0.01,p<0.05).受试化合物的毒性顺序为2,6-DNT>2,4-DNT>4-NT,DNA的损伤作用二硝基甲苯大于单硝基甲苯.提示在体外条件下,2,4-DNT、2,6-DNT和4-NT具有生殖毒性,可以引起小鼠睾丸生殖细胞DNA损伤.