上海地区酸雨趋势及其影响,对策研究

本文研究了上海地区酸雨的趋势及其影响与对策。结果表明,上海地区的降水年均pH值,市区约为4.76.郊县为5.51左右;自1983以来,变化不大。降水离子含量很高,说明受污染严重。研究表明,市区酸雨主要为硒地SO_2污染所致。近地面大气中的高浓度酸、碱性污染物,对降水pH值起重要作用。防治酸雨的主要措施在于脱硫。目前,酸雨对水域、土壤、农作物、水生生物等未造成严重影响。治理酸雨,不是上海地区的当务之急。     

二氧化硫校准曲线斜率和空白值的影响因素

空气中氧化硫的测定对实验室测定条件比较敏感。通过实验表明显色时间,显色温度,盐酸副玫瑰苯胺纯度,蒸馏水质量等试验条件均对其校准曲线有影响,故在分析过程中,必须严格把握操作条件,遵循操作步骤。     

Biodegradation of wastewater nitrogen compounds in fractures: laboratory tests and field observations

Throughout several coastal regions in the Mediterranean where rainfalls rarely exceed 650 mm per year municipal treated wastewater can be conveniently reused for soil irrigation. Where the coastal aquifer supplies large populations with freshwater in such area, an assessment of ground water quality around spreading sites is needed. In this study, the efficacy of natural filtration on nitrogen degradation in wastewater spreads on the soil covering the Salento (Southern Italy) fractured limestone was quantified by using laboratory tests and field measurements. In the laboratory, effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plants was filtered through a package of fractures made by several slabs of limestone. An analysis of wastewater constituent concentrations over time allowed the decay rates and constants for nitrogen transformation during natural filtration to be estimated in both aerated and non-aerated (i.e., saturated) soil fractures. A simulation code, based on biodegradation decay constants defined in the laboratory experiments, was then used to quantify the total inorganic nitrogen removal from wastewater injected in an aquifer in the Salento region (Nardò). Here the water sampled in two monitoring wells at 320 m and 500 m from the wastewater injection site and downgradient with respect to groundwater flow was used to verify the laboratory nitrification and denitrification rates.     

生物活性炭深度处理和回用钢铁工业废水

针对钢铁工业废水的水质特点,采用生物活性炭工艺对钢铁工业达标排放的废水进行深度处理试验.结果表明,在生物活性炭滤柱滤速为1.6 m/h、停留时间为45 min的运行工况下,生物活性炭对钢铁工业废水中的浊度、铁、锰均有较高的去除率,出水水质达到《城市污水再生利用工业用水水质》(GB/T19923-2005)要求.     

水污染的生物自动监测

生物监测是指有规则地或连续地评价一个或多个参数,而且可以用来测定有害状态。通过对生物监测领域发展状况的描述,建议水污染质量控制系统要把生物和化学-物理信息结合起来,并根据生物监测的数据进行修正,利用水生生物来及早地警报水体中存在有毒物质,并与电子计算机设备相结合,形成早期警报毒性监测系统,提出了发展生物自动监测系统的可行性,指出它在水污染控制中将成为必要的工具。     

A/O工艺生物除磷和好氧反硝化效果及影响因素研究

采用A/O工艺处理低碳源城市污水,研究了生物除磷和好氧反硝化脱氮效果及其影响因素。试验结果表明:①磷的出水浓度低于0.8mg/L,去除率达到92%~98%;②影响好氧反硝化的主要因素为DO和HRT。当DO控制在2mg/L左右,HRT控制在6h时,好氧反硝化效果最好。增加了脱氮效率,减少了碳源和需氧量。NH4+-N去除率高达94%,总脱氮率可高达76%左右。     

蟒蛇河水域浮游植物调查与水生态评价

2012—2013年春(3月)、秋(9月)两季,从蟒蛇河上游大纵湖至下游新洋港大桥,共设置6个监测点位,调查浮游植物种类组成及群落结构,并利用群落结构指数等方法评价其水生态状况,结果表明:蟒蛇河水域共监测到浮游植物64种,以硅藻门、绿藻门和蓝藻门为主要门类;各监测点位浮游植物密度呈现秋季显著高于春季的季节性变化趋势;春、秋季节浮游植物优势种存在交叉演替的现象;蟒蛇河浮游植物多样性较好,指征水体污染程度为尚清洁;Shannon-wiener多样性指数、Margalef物种丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数数值均表现为春季高于秋季,且上、下游点位间差异不明显。     

环境污染物的处理技术

综述了环境污染的治理方法,侧重介绍了生物技术在三废治理、土壤及地下水污染治理中的应用,并介绍了一些污染治理技术的典型应用。     

湿式消解法对冷原子吸收测定生物样品中汞产生的干扰

用不同的湿式消解法对多种生物样品的进行消解测定,分析了实验的干扰因素,并推荐了比较适宜的消解方法。     

A new index for evaluation of cadmium pollution in birds and mammals

The degree of cadmium (Cd) contamination in wildlife is often used as an indicator in the environmental monitoring of Cd poisoning. However, previous studies have not clarified the correlation between levels in wildlife and levels in the environment by comparing levels among different species of animals; therefore, assessing the level of pollution in this manner is not considered a reliably accurate indicator of levels in the environment. The aim of this study was to establish a new indicator for the non-polluted warm-blooded animals, one that is not species-dependent, which will facilitate using different species for Cd monitoring. First, the previous publications regarding Cd contents in wildlife, 27 reports in which Cd contents were represented as arithmetic means and described for both kidney and liver were selected. A regression line (CSRL) between Cd contents of kidney and that of liver was obtained in a high correlation coefficient (R ² = 0.943, P < 0.01). The mean values from land and waterfowl, terrestrial mammals, seabirds, marine mammals, and non-polluted humans were located on the line and aligned in order. CSRL might allow an accurate determination of whether an animal is polluted by Cd. CSRL was confirmed using well-established and widely recognized pollution models such as Itai-itai patients and Cd-exposed experimental animals. The Cd contents from these models were located in different positions relative to CSRL depending on the level of contamination. Thus, this new indicator determining the Cd-pollution status of animals would be useful for environmental monitoring.