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321.
采用OECD标准滤纸接触法和人工土壤法,研究了3种离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([Bmim]Cl)、1-己基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([Hmim]Cl)、1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([Omim]Cl)对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)的急性致死作用,并测定亚慢性暴露试验下蚯蚓的体重变化.滤纸接触法测得[Bmim]Cl、[Hmim]Cl、[Omim]Cl对蚯蚓24 h的半致死浓度(LC50)分别为109.60、50.38、7.94μg.cm-2;48 h的LC50分别为98.52、39.14、3.61μg.cm-2.人工土壤法得到[Bmim]Cl、[Hmim]Cl、[Omim]Cl对蚯蚓7 d的LC50分别为447.78、245.56、180.51 mg.kg-1,14 d的LC50分别288.42、179.75、150.35 mg.kg-1.蚯蚓在3种离子液体作用下表现出不同的中毒症状.3种离子液体对蚯蚓的生长表现出不同程度的抑制作用,体重随着浓度增加而下降.离子液体对蚯蚓毒性随着碳链长度的增加而增大. 相似文献
322.
Wood (timber) is an important raw material for various purposes, and having biological composition it is susceptible to deterioration by various agents. The history of wood protection by impregnation with synthetic chemicals is almost two hundred years old. However, the ever-increasing public concern and the new environmental regulations on the use of chemicals have created the need for the development and the use of alternative methods for wood protection. Biological wood protection by antagonistic microbes alone or in combination with (bio)chemicals, is one of the most promising ways for the environmentally sound wood protection. The most effective biocontrol antagonists belong to genera Trichoderma, Gliocladium, Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Streptomyces. They compete for an ecological niche by consuming available nutrients as well as by secreting a spectrum of biochemicals effective against various fungal pathogens. The biochemicals include cell wall-degrading enzymes, siderophores, chelating iron and a wide variety of volatile and non-volatile antibiotics. In this review, the nature and the function of the antagonistic microbes in wood protection are discussed. 相似文献
323.
Local extinction of native species and colonization of non-native species are commonly invoked as responsible for changes in species similarity among biotas of different regions. In this study we used a model of species similarity between islands to assess the emergent, and unexplored, effects of changes in colonization by native species, extinction of non-native species, and propagule pressure on species similarity among insular communities. The model predicts that extinction probability of endemic species has a positive but asymptotic effect on species similarity, which is exacerbated by increasing colonization and reducing extinction of non-native species. Species similarity tends to increase with increasing colonization probability by non-native species, however this effect may be reduced, or even reverted, when the islands are exposed to an elevated number of non-native species that are prone to extinction, high levels of endemic species loss, and an initially large number of native species shared between islands. Species similarity was positively affected by the propagule pressure rate of non-native species only when their colonization and extinction probabilities were large and small enough, respectively. A negative effect of propagule pressure rate can be caused by an increase in the pool size of non-native species, which involves the introduction of different species into different islands, promoting biotic differentiation between islands. Our results indicate that the interactions between colonization, extinction and species pool lead to nonlinear responses and unexpected scenarios of biotic change. In order to validate model predictions, future research programs should focus on understanding the dynamics on such complex meta-communities where coexist native, non-native and endemic species. 相似文献
324.
水解酸化-两级接触氧化工艺在啤酒废水处理中的应用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
潘俊艳 《中国环境管理干部学院学报》2013,(4):61-63,91
啤酒废水具有有机物含量高、悬浮物浓度高、温度高、 pH 值变化大及可生化性较好等特点,生化处理成为国内外啤酒废水处理的主要工艺。公司采用“水解酸化-两级生物接触氧化”工艺对啤酒废水进行处理,运行结果表明,废水pH在8~9, SS、 CODCr、 NH3-N平均浓度分别为710 mg/L、1910 mg/L、49 mg/L时,处理后出水pH在6.5~8.5, SS、 CODCr、NH3-N平均浓度分别为52 mg/L、70 mg/L、11 mg/L, SS、 CODCr、 NH3-N平均去除率分别为93%、96%、77%,满足啤酒废水排放标准的要求。该工艺对废水具有较好的适应性。 相似文献
325.
326.
上流式曝气生物滤池两种填料启动挂膜的试验研究 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
在相同运行条件下,对瓷粒和陶粒2种不同填料曝气生物滤池(BAF)的启动运行进行了实验研究,考察了不同填料在挂膜过程中CODCr和NH4^+-N的去除效果及出水NO2^--N和NO3^--N质量浓度的变化。结果表明,在常温下(20~25℃)2种填料的所需的启动时间差异较大,陶粒填料所需时间为17d,而瓷粒填料别需37d。启动挂膜过程中,两者对CODCr和NH4^+-N可达到基本相同的去除率,但所需运行时间差异较大,陶粒BAF较之瓷粒BAF稳定,且硝化效果好于瓷粒BAF. 相似文献
327.
328.
Field experiment on biological contact oxidation process to treat polluted river water in the Dianchi Lake watershed 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Lu Li Shuguang Xie Hui Zhang Donghui Wen 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China》2009,3(1):38-47
In this study two types of biological contact oxidation processes (BCOP), a step-feed (SBCOP) unit and an inter-recycle (IBCOP)
unit, were designed to investigate the treatment of heavily polluted river water. The Daqing River, which is the largest pollutant
contributor to the Dianchi Lake, one of the most eutrophic freshwater lakes in China, was taken for the case study. It was
found that the SBCOP had higher adaptability and better performance in the reduction of COD, TN, and TP, which made it applicable
for the treatment of polluted river water entering the Dianchi Lake. Nitrification rate was observed to be greatly affected
by the influent temperature. During each season, the nitrification in the SBCOP was higher than that in the IBCOP. TN removal
efficiency in the SBCOP was higher than that in the IBCOP during the winter and spring but poorer during the summer, possibly
due to the inhibition of denitrification by higher dissolved oxygen level in the summer. Moreover, symbiotic algaebacteria
growth may be conducive to the removal of pollutants. 相似文献
329.
松花江哈尔滨江段水生生物调查与评价 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文分别应用着生藻类、着生原生动物和底栖动物对松花江哈尔滨江段的水质状况进行监测,然后进行综合的生物学评价。结果表明松花江哈尔滨江段的水质受到污染,污染等级为3级。 相似文献
330.
Insect immunology is an active research arena, however, the vast majority of research in the area is conducted on model species
taken from laboratory cultures. We tested the hypothesis that insects are regularly exposed to infections or invasions in
nature and here report results of a field study designed to assess the extent of natural infections in insects collected from
agrarian fields surrounding Kahramanmaraş, Turkey. Specimens were dissected to assess numbers of nodules. Formation of darkened,
melanotic nodules is the predominant cellular immune reaction to microbial and parasitic infection, and once formed, the nodules
are permanently attached to internal surfaces. The collected insects were healthy. Of the >400 examined specimens, at least
some nodules were found in 98%. Numbers of nodules ranged from ∼2/individual to >100 nodules/individual. We conclude that
insects are regularly challenged by microbial and parasitic infections from which they recover. The novel implication of our
data is that insect immune systems may limit the host range and effectiveness of agents deployed in biological control programs.
Knowledge of insect immune systems may contribute to increased use of biopesticides globally. 相似文献