废水生物脱氮除磷机理与技术研究的进展

本文介绍了硝化－反硝化，短程硝化－反硝化，厌氧氨氧化等生物脱氮 过程和生物除磷过程的机理及目前国内外的研究现状和比较成熟的技术，并对我国开展这方面的研究前景提出了展望。     

胜利油田采油废水污染现状及达标处理技术探讨

介绍了油田采油外排污水的污染现状,并对油田主要的采油污水处理技术及其在生产中的应用情况进行了调查、分析与评价。调研结果表明:油田采油污水的外排量较大,处理达标率很低,环境污染严重;目前采用的大部分采油外排污水处理技术已不能适应油田生产的需求,必须研究开发新的采油外排污水处理技术。利用氧化塘技术处理桩西联采油废水和利用生物接触氧化法处理孤岛采油废水的工程实验获得成功,废水最终达标排放。     

A regional framework for establishing recovery criteria

Effective assessments of aquatic ecosystem recovery require ecologically sound endpoints against which progress can be measured. Site-by-site assessments of end points and potential recovery trajectories are impractical for water resource agencies. Because of the natural variation among ecosystems, applying a single set of criteria nationwide is not appropriate either. This article demonstrates the use of a regional framework for stratifying natural variation and for determining realistic biological criteria. A map of ecoregions, drawn from landscape characteristics, formed the framework for three statewide case studies and three separate studies at the river basin scale. Statewide studies of Arkansas, Ohio, and Oregon, USA, streams demonstrated patterns in fish assemblages corresponding to ecoregions. The river basin study in Oregon revealed a distinct change at the ecoregion boundary; those in Ohio and Montana demonstrated the value of regional reference sites for assessing recovery. Ecoregions can be used to facilitate the application of ecological theory and to set recovery criteria for various regions of states or of the country. Such a framework provides an important alternative between site-specific and national approaches for assessing recovery rates and conditions.     

Survey of state water quality monitoring programs

Budget changes, whether positive or negative, in water quality management agencies often mean a change in resources available for water quality monitoring. Many state agencies are currently facing monitoring budget cuts and, as a result, are reevaluating their monitoring programs. Such evaluations make use of a number of information sources, not the least of which are monitoring activities in other states. This article reports results of a survey of all fifty state water quality monitoring programs. Twenty questions were asked in the general areas of fixed-station monitoring, special studies, and biological monitoring. Each state was contacted by telephone at least twice during the survey. Fixed-station monitoring is conducted by 48 of 50 states. An average of 75 stations per state are sampled, generally on a monthly basis. There is a large variation in the way data are analyzed by the states; water quality indices and plots of concentration or loading over time are the most common methods. All but three states conduct special studies, but only seven repeat the studies on a regular basis. Special studies are generally problem specific as opposed to basin oriented. Biological monitoring is performed by 33 states; however, this is an area in which budget cuts are having a noticeable impact. In some cases, biological monitoring is being completely eliminated or suspended. Macroinvertebrate sampling is performed quarterly to biannualiy by 50% of the states; 75% of the states that sample macroinvertebrates do so annually. Periphyton sampling is performed by 33% of the states. Over 50% of the states are in the process of revising, or have revised, their monitoring program during the past five years. However, only four states had a detailed rationale and operating procedure for the entire monitoring system. Results of the survey are, therefore, averages of existing monitoring programs. Average results do not necessarily represent ideal situations, but do give an indication of how states are coping with their monitoring responsibilities.     

毛细渗透法测定固体表面能

根据粒度对固体表面能的影响,选用了毛细渗透法测定固体表面能.详细介绍了毛细渗透法的原理和实验操作步骤.最后得出结论,毛细渗透法测定固体颗粒的表面能,是一种较好的测试方法.     

活性污泥法处理含砷废水初探

文章概述了含砷废水的产生及其处理方法，重点介绍了国内外研究报道较少的活性污泥法，以引起人们对这一有效除砷方法的重视。通过总结活性污泥法除砷的研究进展，探讨了活性污泥除砷的机理和影响因素，并提出今后要从活性污泥法除砷的机理、除砷工艺、及含砷废渣处理三方面开展研究，以促进该方法的应用。     

曝气生物滤池滤料高度与板结对运行效果影响的研究

针对不同滤料层高度对曝气生物滤池污染物去除效果的影响进行了分析研究。同时针对仙女河污水处理厂2008年开始出现的生物滤池滤料板结现象,对滤料板结的形成原因进行了研究,最后提出了滤料板结的预防措施及解决办法。     

生物制药（品）废水的灭活与处理

介绍采用物理加热消毒灭菌及好氧接触氧化法在昆明某医学生物学研究所处理生物制药（疫苗）生产废水及生活污水应用情况。在生物制药（特别是减毒活疫苗）生产废水中通常含有病原性微生物,如细菌、病毒等,须经消毒灭菌处理后才能排入污水处理系统。首先,根据相关病毒的致死温度,采用加热法将减毒活疫苗生产废水中的病毒杀死;然后,灭活后的废水排入生物接触氧化处理系统与生活污水混合后进行处理;最后,氯消毒后达标排放或进行中水回用。本文为生物制药废水的处理提供了一定参考价值。     

优势微生物强化水解—多级接触氧化工艺处理屠宰废水

结合工程实例,本文对优势微生物强化水解—多级接触氧化处理屠宰废水工艺及设计体会进行了讨论。设计进水COD、BOD5、SS、NH3-N、动植物油为2300~2700mg/L、900~1300mg/L、600~800mg/L、100~120mg/L、70~90mg/L,出水为90mg/L、20mg/L、60mg/L1、0mg/L1、0 mg/L。实际运行结果表明:主要出水指标COD、BOD5、SS、NH3-N、动植物油的去除率分别可达到97.9%、98.6%、93.7%、93.4%、90.7%。该工艺具有占地少、建设成本低、运行可靠、稳定达标、剩余污泥少、运行成本低、维护简便等优点。     

污水生物处理系统中内源过程的研究进展

污水生物处理系统的内源过程涉及到一系列微生物学、生态学机制和过程,因而对处理系统的各个方面都有重要影响.然而-目前对内源过程的认识还相当有限.本文首先在总结现有知识的基础上对污水生物处理系统中的内源过程作了定义,并对其区分为细胞和群落两个水平-随后,分别对内源过程中的细胞维持、解偶联、程序化细胞死亡、饥饿状态、高等微生物捕食等过程作了综述,总结了其在污水生物处理领域的研究进展.此外.文章还概述了细胞维持能量和细胞衰减速率的测定方法及其研究进展和存在的问题.本文的目的是通过综述现有的知识,推动对污水生物处理系统中内源过程研究的进一步发展.