生物组合技术在河蟹人工育苗水质净化中的应用研究

为探索河蟹人工育苗中的水质净化和减少换水量的方法，通过基础试验和河蟹人工育苗生产性试验，对一种生物组合技术进行了研究考察，结果表明，依据生态养殖原理设计，在养殖池内投放和接触氧化水循环处理装置内接种挂膜光合细菌、消化细菌和放线菌等环境有益微生物，并与微藻、光合细菌等活饵料应用技术相结合的成套技术可使育苗池水循环利用，降低生产成本，减少对周边水环境的污染。试验苗池DO高于7.5mg/L，NH3－N基本低于0.5mg/L，水质明显优于对照苗池，符合河蟹育苗要求。试验苗池触苗总成活率19.4%，产量175.8g/m^3，触菌成活率、产量和质量均明显优于对照苗池，藕效益和环境效益显著。     

Effect of different molecular weight organic components on the increase of microbial growth potential of secondary effluent by ozonation

Ozonation has been widely applied in advanced wastewater treatment. In this study, the effect of ozonation on assimilable organic carbon （AOC） levels in secondary effluents was investigated, and AOC variation of different molecular weight （MW） organic components was analyzed. Although the removal efflciencies were 47%-76% and 94%-100% for UV2s4 and color at ozone dosage of 10 mg/L, dissolved organic carbon （DOC） in secondary effluents was hardly removed by ozonation. The AOC levels increased by 70%-780% at an ozone dosage range of 1-10 mg/L. AOC increased significantly in the instantaneous ozone demand phase, and the increase in AOC was correlated to the decrease in UV254 during ozonation. The results of MW distribution showed that, ozonation led to the transformation of larger molecules into smaller ones, but the increase in low MW （〈1 kDa） fraction did not contribute much to AOC production. The change of high MW （〉100 kDa and 10-100 kDa） fractions itself during ozonation was the main reason for the increase of AOC levels. Furthermore, the oxidation of organic matters with high MWs （〉 100 kDa and 10-100 kDa） resulted in more AOC production than those with low MWs （1-10 kDa and 〈1 kDa）. The results indicated that removing large molecules in secondary effluents could limit the increase of AOC during ozonation.     

微生物降解三氟甲苯的研究

从含氟有机物污染的污泥中分离出5株优势菌株。对5株菌株进行生物忍耐力和生物降解试验。结果表明，这些菌株在驯化之后对有毒底物有较强的的忍受能力，在有毒底物浓度为1000mg／L时仍然能生长。在15d内，菌株Z1、Z2、Z3、Z4对三氟甲苯的降解率分别可达到100％、98．55％、97．02％、98．07％，初步探讨了三氟甲苯生物降解的路径。     

精制棉废水处理工程实践

针对在生产精制棉中产生的碱性黑液，采用吸附-厌氧-好氧-混凝处理工艺。运行结果表明，在进水CODcr≥6800mg／L，色度≥4000倍时，处理后出水CODcr≤100mg／L，色度≤50倍，达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)一级标准。该工艺采用生物吸附作为预处理，很大程度上降低了运行费用。     

机械制造厂综合废水处理工艺

提出了机械制造综合废水污染处理方案。为了减少投资,减少总占地面积和降低运行成本,将涂装废水、机加工切削废液、饭堂的生活污水等混合起来进行集中综合处理。为了确定最佳的处理方案,进行了预处理工艺试验,取得了一系列的试验数据,并将这些结果和生化处理经验,应用于机械制造厂的废水处理,取得良好效果。     

污水除磷脱氮中几个关键问题及研究方向的探讨

对高负荷条件下硝化反应和聚磷茵有效除磷进行了探讨;介绍了脱氮除磷过程中互相矛盾的几个主要因素：并针对环境条件、碳源需求以及对反硝化聚磷的诱导与控制等领域内的研究方向进行了综述。     

土壤和地下水石油污染的生物治理

概述了石油生物降解速率的主要影响因素，烃类的组成与状态，烃类降解微生物，温度与ｐＨ值，Ｏ２和营养。介绍了土壤和地下水石油污染的两种生物治理方法；菌种法和营养物法，认为该法具有安全，经济，无二次污染，不需大型设备，操作简单等优点，但也具有一定的局限性。     

Biological monitoring of chlorpyrifos exposure to rice farmers in Vietnam

Chlorpyrifos is the most common organophosphate insecticide registered for use in Vietnam and is widely used in agriculture, particularly rice farming. However, chlorpyrifos exposure to and adverse effects on farmers has not been evaluated. In this study, biological monitoring of chlorpyrifos exposure in a group of rice farmers was conducted after a typical application event using back-pack spraying.Urine samples (24 h) were collected from the rice farmers before and post insecticide application. Samples were analysed for 3,5,6-trichloropyridinol (TCP), the major urinary metabolite of chlorpyrifos, using an enzymatic pre-treatment before extraction followed by HPLC-MS/MS. Absorbed Daily Dose (ADD) of chlorpyrifos for farmers were then estimated from urinary TCP levels, expressed as μg g⁻¹ creatinine. The analytical method for urinary TCP had a low detection limit (0.6 μg L⁻¹), acceptable recovery values (80-114%), and low relative percentage differences in duplicate and repeated samples.Post-application chlorpyrifos ADD of farmers varied from 0.4 to 94.2 μg kg⁻¹ (body weight) d⁻¹ with a mean of 19.4 μg kg⁻¹ d⁻¹ which was approximately 80-fold higher than the mean baseline exposure level (0.24 μg kg⁻¹ d⁻¹). Hazard Quotients (ratio of the mean ADD for rice farmers to acute oral reference dose) calculated using acute oral reference doses recommended by United States and Australian agencies varied from 2.1 (Australian NRA), 4.2 (US EPA) to 6.9 (ATSDR).Biological monitoring using HPLC-MS/MS analysis of urinary TCP (24 h) was found to be an effective method for measuring chlorpyrifos exposure among farmers. This case study found that Vietnamese rice farmers had relatively high exposures to chlorpyrifos after application, which were likely to have adverse health effects.     

污水生物处理中微生物的相互协作

从化学、物理和遗传信息三个不同水平,系统介绍了污水生物处理中微生物的相互协作关系,阐述了各个水平的协作机制、应用研究进展以及存在问题     

印染废水治理研究

本文介绍了用生物接触氧化法治理南充地区印染厂废水试验工艺条件选择，研究了有机负荷、水力负荷和温度对废水处理效果的影响，并观察了微生物的生长和发展规律。试验证明，本法能有效的处理印染废水，在适宜条件下，COD和色度的去除率分别为74．4％、92．0％，而后再经混凝处理可使二沉池出水COD去除率高达88～90％、色度为0、pH在7～8。