白洋淀两种生境中芦苇地上生物量及其影响因子分析

文章在野外调查的基础上,在白洋淀台田和沼泽中各选择6个样区,统计分析了2种生境芦苇地上生物量;运用冗余分析方法(RDA),分析了芦苇生长季(4～9月)平均水深、土壤/底泥有机质、全氮和全磷等对两类生境中芦苇地上生物量的影响.结果表明,台田、沼泽中芦苇地上生物量分别为1 408.2±527.5 gDW/m2、723.2±...     

UNITANK工艺BC(生物/化学)法除磷试验研究

研究了UNITANK工艺采用BC法以PAC为絮凝剂的除磷效果，并对生物相在各个投加剂量条件下的活性进行了观察。     

Experimental study on biomass advanced reburning for nitrogen oxides reduction

Advanced reburning (AR) is effective for nitrogen oxides (NO_x) reduction, which integrates the basic reburning (BR) with the injection of nitrogen agents and additive compounds. The basic reburning of poplar, cornstalk, wheat-straw and peanut shell, is studied on a boiler simulator facility (BSF). The influence of operating parameters and the synergistic effect of the injection of ammonia, urea or/and sodium carbonate on NO_x reduction are investigated. The results show that an efficiency of 54–67% NO_x reduction could be achieved during the basic reburning process under the optimum operating conditions and the efficiency would be increased if nitrogen agent is injected with the over-fire air or into the burnout zone. Further, co-injection of sodium carbonate with the nitrogen agent could make the NO_x reduction process more thorough. On the whole, 85–92% NO_x reduction could be achieved during the advanced reburning process with a reburning fuel heat input of 15–20%.     

火烧与缺水对扎龙湿地植被群落的影响

2006年8月10日-8月21日,分别对扎龙湿地内的植被种类和植被类型进行调查,并在植被调查的基础上划分4处样地共20个样方调查野生芦苇群落的生物量。结果表明,火烧因子与缺水干旱因子对湿地内草本植物的生境、种类、植株数量、植被类型、单位面积生物量和株高影响明显。植被生境明显恶化,植被种类减少、植株数量下降、类型单一化,野生芦苇群落单位面积生物量降低。     

滤池滤料上细菌数的预处理方法优化

为优化生物活性炭滤池活性炭上细菌数的流式细胞术定量分析的预处理方法,本研究考察了4种物理预处理方式（机械振荡、低能量超声、高能量超声、机械振荡耦合高能量超声）以及4种化学预处理方式（含10%的柠檬酸（Citric Acid,CA）和2.5%的羟基乙酸（Glycolic acid,GA）混合液（CA+GA）、溶菌酶、吐温20、乙二胺四乙酸）对流式细胞术测定活性炭滤料上细菌数的影响,结果表明,在无菌超纯水为提取液时,机械振荡耦合高能量超声预处理后测定的细菌数最高（9.7（±1.2）×10⁷ cells·g^-1（以WW活性炭计,下同））,是最佳的物理预处理方式.0.1% CA+GA为最优的化学分散剂,耦合机械振荡与1次高能量超声预处理后细胞累积回收率较空白组（无菌超纯水）提高了21%±17%,其活细菌数也最高（约1.0×10⁷ cells·g^-1）;耦合机械振荡与3次高能量超声预处理后,分离的生物膜细菌量最高（1.5（±0.2）×10⁸ cells·g^-1）,证明0.1% CA+GA耦合机械振荡与3次高能量超声是利用流式细胞术测定活性炭生物膜的细菌数的最佳预处理方式.     

Mg2+ improves biomass production from soybean wastewater using purple non-sulfur bacteria

Soybean wastewater was used to generate biomass resource by use of purple non-sulfur bacteria(PNSB). This study investigated the enhancement of PNSB cell accumulation in wastewater by Mg2+under the light-anaerobic condition. Results showed that with the optimal Mg2+dosage of 10 mg/L, biomass production was improved by 70% to 3630 mg/L,and biomass yield also was improved by 60%. Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD) removal reached above 86% and hydraulic retention time was shortened from 96 to 72 hr. The mechanism analysis indicated that Mg2+could promote the content of bacteriochlorophyll in photosynthesis because Mg2+is the bacteriochlorophyll active center, and thus improved adenosine triphosphate(ATP) production. An increase of ATP production enhanced the conversion of organic matter in wastewater into PNSB cell materials(biomass yield) and COD removal, leading to more biomass production. With 10 mg/L Mg2+, bacteriochlorophyll content and ATP production were improved by 60% and 33% respectively.     

Large variability in ambient ozone sensitivity across 19 ethylenediurea-treated Chinese cultivars of soybean is driven by total ascorbate

The sensitivity of Chinese soybean cultivars to ambient ozone(O3) in the field is unknown,although soybean is a major staple food in China. Using ethylenediurea(EDU) as an O3 protectant, we tested the gas exchange, pigments, antioxidants and biomass of 19 cultivars exposed to 28 ppm·hr AOT40(accumulated O3 over an hourly concentration threshold of40 ppb) over the growing season at a field site in China. By comparing the average biomass with and without EDU, we estimated the cultivar-specific sensitivity to O3 and ranked the cultivars from very tolerant( 10% change) to highly sensitive( 45% change), which helps in choosing the best-suited cultivars for local cultivation. Higher lipid peroxidation and activity of the ascorbate peroxidase enzyme were major responses to O3 damage, which eventually translated into lower biomass production. The constitutional level of total ascorbate in the leaves was the most important parameter explaining O3 sensitivity among these cultivars. Surprisingly, the role of stomatal conductance was insignificant. These results will guide future breeding efforts towards more O3-tolerant cultivars in China, while strategies for implementing control measures of regional O3 pollution are being implemented. Overall, these results suggest that present ambient O3 pollution is a serious concern for soybean in China, which highlights the urgent need for policy-making actions to protect this critical staple food.     

2014年春季上海典型生物质燃烧污染过程分析

针对2014年5月末华东地区出现的大范围秸秆焚烧污染事件(BB),利用上海浦东超级站多种在线监测数据,并结合卫星遥感、数值模拟等方法,对污染期间前(BB-前)、中(BB-中)、后(BB-后)的时空演化进程进行了分析。结果表明,期间平均ρ(PM2.5)和ρ(BC)分别由BB-前的24.3和1.24μg/m3攀升至BB-中的111.90和5.38μg/m3,小时峰值出现在5月27日,达到238.0和15.1μg/m3,BB-后虽有显著好转,但"翘尾"现象明显,ρ(PM2.5)和ρ(BC)为34.6和1.49μg/m3;在空气污染扩散不利条件下,生物质燃烧污染会加重其他多种污染物的污染水平;农田秸秆燃烧烟羽的传输受气象条件所限,使得上海外围火点的多寡与城市污染的水平无必然联系。     

Effects of temperature and composite alumina on pyrolysis of sewage sludge

An interactive dual-circulating fluidized bed system has been proposed in which the pyrolysis of sewage sludge(SS) and incineration of biomass proceed simultaneously, and alumina is used as the bed material and heat carrier. The alumina coated with biomass ash would mix with sewage sludge in the pyrolysis reactor of this device. It is important to know the influence of composite alumina(CA) on the pyrolysis progress. Sewage sludge was pyrolyzed in a fixed bed reactor from 400 to 600°C using CA as catalyst. The effects of temperature and CA additive ratio on the products were investigated. The product yields and component distribution of non-condensable gas were more sensitive to the change of temperature, and the maximum liquid yield of 48.44 wt.% and maximum Useable Energy of Liquid of 3871 k J/kg sludge were observed at 500°C with 1/5 CA/SS(mass ratio). The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry results showed that the increase of temperature enhanced devolatilization of organic matter and promoted cyclization and aromatization of aliphatics. The presence of CA could strengthen secondary cracking and interaction among primary products from different organic compounds, such as acid–amine condensation,and reduce the content of oxygenated compounds. When the CA additive amount exceeded a certain proportion, the aromatization was clearly strengthened. The effects of CA on decomposition of fatty acids and formation of aromatics were similar to that of temperature. This means that the reaction temperature could be lowered by introducing CA, which has a positive effect on reducing energy consumption.     

Development of TRIPLEX-Management model for simulating the response of forest growth to pre-commercial thinning

In order to simulate forest growth response to pre-commercial thinning (PCT), TRIPLEX1.0 - a process-based model designed to predict forest growth as well as carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics - was modified and improved to also simulate managed forest ecosystem thinning practices. A three-parameter Weibull distribution model was integrated to simulate thinning treatments within the newly developed TRIPLEX-Management model. The thinning intensity component within the model allows users to simulate thinning treatments by applying basal area, stand density and volume to quantify thinning intensity. Natural mortality decreased following thinning due to an increase in growing space for residual stems. Predicted litterfall pools also increased after thinning events took place. The TRIPLEX-Management model was tested against published observational data for Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) stands subjected to PCT in Northwestern Ontario, Canada. The coefficients of determination (R²) between the predicted and observed variables including stand density, mean DBH (diameter at breast height), the quadratic mean DBH, total volume and merchantable volume as well as belowground, aboveground, and total biomass ranged from 0.50 to 0.88 (n = 20, P < 0.001) with the exception of mean tree height (R² = 0.25, n = 20, P < 0.05). Overall, the Willmott index of agreement between predicted and observed variables ranged from 0.97 to 1.00. Results show that the TRIPLEX-Management model is generally capable of simulating growth response to PCT for Jack Pine stands.