微曝气条件下S-TE剩余污泥溶解性研究

研究了微曝气、不同温度条件下S-TE预处理对剩余污泥溶解和各种化学组分变化的影响.结果表明,S-TE污泥溶解存在2种反应(酶催化反应和热解反应)和2个过程:嗜热菌胞外酶(主要为蛋白酶和淀粉酶)首先解聚污泥胶团,进而溶解细菌的细胞壁,水解胞内有机物质.接种嗜热菌Bacillus stearothermophilus sp.AT06-1比不接种促进了污泥悬浮固体的溶解,接种条件下最适宜的溶解温度为65℃,此温度下,污泥VSS和TSS溶解率相对于不接种试验提高程度最大,2 d时VSS、TSS溶解率分别达到34.09%和24.16%,比不接种试验同期分别提高了7.57%和6.87%;微曝气条件下SCOD和VFA得到累积,最大累积量达到4 531 mg/L和2 319 mg/L,有利于厌氧消化;此时蛋白酶活性提高也最大.污泥溶解产生的蛋白质被蛋白酶水解,蛋白质浓度先升高后降低.     

表面活性剂增效修复土壤有机污染研究进展

系统评述了表面活性剂增效修复土壤有机污染的原理、研究现状及存在的问题.     

桑色素-吐温-20胶束增溶分光光度法测定微量铁

本文对铁（Ⅲ）与桑色素（Ｍｏｒｉｎ）的显色反应进行了研究。在非离子表面活性剂吐温－２０存在下，于ｐＨ４．１的邻苯二甲酸氢钾缓冲溶液中，铁（Ⅲ）与桑色素形成稳定的黄色配合物，其组成比为Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）∶Ｍｏｒｉｎ＝１∶３，最大吸收波长为４１８ｎｍ，表观摩尔吸光系数为６．６９×１０４Ｌ／ｍｏｌ·ｃｍ，铁（Ⅲ）浓度在０～１６μｇ／２５ｍｌ范围内符合比耳定律。方法简便、快速，选择性好。应用于环境水样和植物中微量铁的测定，结果满意。     

典型表面活性剂对焦化污泥中富集多环芳烃的解吸

焦化废水中的多环芳烃(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,PAHs)由于其亲脂性极易转移至污泥相中,此过程成为微生物降解污泥中PAHs的传质受限步骤.基于表面活性剂解吸焦化污泥中富集的PAHs以利于微生物降解的构想,采用两种典型的表面活性剂—Triton X~(-1)00和十二烷基硫酸钠(Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate,SDS)来考察其对菲、芘和苯并[a]芘的增溶作用,对比了不同浓度的菲、芘和苯并[a]芘在焦化污泥上的吸附特征,探讨了表面活性剂对焦化污泥中富集多环芳烃的解吸行为.结果发现,表面活性剂对菲、芘和苯并[a]芘的增溶能力与三者的亲脂性存在负相关的关系,它们在焦化污泥上的吸附特征可用Freundlich等温吸附模型来描述,影响吸附容量的因素包括PAHs的亲脂性和焦化污泥的理化性质;SDS与Triton X~(-1)00共同作用时对芘和苯并[a]芘的增溶更明显;以两者混合质量计的1 g表面活性剂在16 d内可以解吸1.12mg的总PAHs.上述研究可以作为焦化污泥生物修复的增溶工艺中表面活性剂需求量计算的参考依据.     

环糊精对苯砜基乙酸酯的增溶作用及QSPR研究

以10种苯砜基乙酸酯化合物为对象,测定了β-环糊精(β-CD)对该类化合物的增溶作用效应;并应用K_ow和电性拓扑态指数对包合物稳定常数(Ks)进行了模拟分析,构建了QSPR模型.模型的相关系数(R²_adj)和标准偏差(SD)分别为0.972、0.971和0.057、0.059,模型具有较高的预测能力和可靠性.研究表明,β-CD与该类化合物形成1:1包合物,增加了苯砜基乙酸酯类化合物的水溶性;包合物形成类似于化合物在辛醇相和水相之间的分配,CD腔体内高能水分子的释放、化合物苯基与CD腔体间的范德华相互作用及砜基氧原子和CD端口羟基的氢键作用是包合物稳定性的决定因素.     

重量法研究非离子表面活性剂对典型挥发性有机污染物的增溶作用

采用重量法研究了典型非离子表面活性剂（Tween-20、Tween-40、Tween-60、Tween-80）对以甲苯为代表的挥发性有机污染物（VOCs）的增溶作用.通过计算甲苯在初始和平衡状态的质量变化,确定甲苯在表面活性剂中的增溶量,比较了重量法与传统紫外分光光度法的测定结果,并计算分析4种表面活性剂增溶作用下甲苯...     

Characterization of changes in extracellular polymeric substances and heavy metal speciation of waste activated sludge during typical oxidation solubilization processes

Biopolymer solubilization is considered to be the rate-limiting stage of anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge(WAS). Oxidation processes have been proven to be effective in disrupting sludge flocs and causing solubilization of the solid biopolymers. In this study,WAS was treated by NaNO2 or H2 O2 oxidation at p H of 2. The changes in extracellular polymeric substances properties and the speciation of heavy metals were investigated. The results revealed that both NaNO2 and H2 O2 treatments were effective in solubilizing organics in WAS, while the conversion of biopolymers in the two treatment processes was different. Free nitrous acid destroyed the gel network structure of EPS, and organic materials were released from the solid phase to the supernatant. Indigenous peroxidase catalyzed H2 O2 to produce hydroxyl radicals which caused significant solubilization of biopolymers, and the protein-like substances were further degraded into micro-molecule polypeptides or amino acids at high dosages of H2 O2. During the oxidation processes, Zn, Cd and Cu, with excellent mobility, tended to migrate to the supernatant, and thus were easy to remove through the liquid–solid separation process. Ni and As showed moderate migration ability, of which the residual fraction tended to transform into reducible and soluble fractions. With poor mobility, Cr and Pb mainly existed in the forms of residual and oxidizable fractions, which were difficult to dissolve and remove from WAS. Both NaNO2 and H2 O2 treatment resulted in the enhancement of sludge solubilization efficiency and heavy metal mobility in WAS, but different heavy metals showed distinct migration and transformation behaviors.     

非离子表面活性剂对土壤中甲基对硫磷的增溶、洗脱及其在土壤中的吸附

探讨了3种非离子表面活性剂Brij30、Brij35和Tween80溶液对水溶液中甲基对硫磷的增溶作用,对土壤中甲基对硫磷的洗脱作用以及土壤对3种非离子表面活性剂的吸附作用.增溶实验结果表明,3种非离子表面活性剂在水溶液中均对甲基对硫磷有较好的增溶作用,而且无论在临界胶束浓度前或后,表面活性剂对甲基对硫磷的增溶顺序均为:Tween80,Brij30和Brij35.淋洗实验结果表明,3种非离子表面活性剂对土壤中甲基对硫磷的去除效果不如蒸馏水好,而且实验土壤对3种非离子表面活性剂均有较强的吸附作用.这种吸附作用对土壤中甲基对硫磷的去除有严重不利影响.     

Flocculants—an Ecofriendly Approach

Although water-soluble synthetic polymers find wide applications as flocculants, the potential problem associated with their use is lack of biodegradability and high cost. Polysaccharides owing to their distinctive features like ability to undergo different chemical reactions, biodegradability and sustainability inspire hope to obtain effective, economical viable and safe substitute of the synthetic flocculants. In this regard, chemical modification of Cassia tora and guar gum was carried out through different substitution and grafting reactions. The modified products were tested against kaolin under laboratory conditions vis-a-vis polyacrylamide based synthetic flocculant.     

Degradation of Commercial Biodegradable Packages under Real Composting and Ambient Exposure Conditions

The use of long-lasting polymers as packaging materials for short lived applications is not entirely justified. Plastic packaging materials are often soiled due to foodstuffs and other biological substances, making physical recycling of these materials impractical and normally unwanted. Hence, there is an increasing demand for biodegradable packaging materials which could be easily renewable. Use of biopolymer based packaging materials allows consideration of eliminating issues such as landfilling, sorting and reprocessing through taking advantage of their unique functionality, that is compostability. Composting allows disposal of biodegradable packages and is not as energy intensive compared to sorting and reprocessing for recycling, although it requires more energy than landfilling. The aim of this work was to study the degradation of three commercially available biodegradable packages made of poly (ld-lactide) (PLA) under real compost conditions and under ambient exposure by visual inspection, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermal gravimetric analysis. A novel technique to study the degradability of these packages and to track the degradation rate under real compost conditions was used. The packages were subjected to composting for 30 days, and the degradation of the physical properties was measured at 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 15 and 30 days. PLA packages made of 96% l-lactide exhibited lower degradation than PLA packages made of 94% l-lactide, mainly due to their highly ordered structure, therefore, higher crystallinity. The degradation rate changed as the initial crystallinity and the l-lactide content of the packages varied. Temperature, relative humidity, and pH of the compost pile played an important role in the total degradation of the packages. A first order degradation of the molecular weight as a function of time was observed for the three packages.