Biopolymers in the Existing Postconsumer Plastics Recycling Stream

The existing plastic bottle reclaiming industry has working technology, satisfied customers, raw material, and investors. Adding new materials to the current mix requires satisfying all four needs for those materials. Rigid plastic container recycling focuses on high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles, the overwhelming percentage of bottles sold in North America. Bottles of other resins, including polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene and biopolymers, lack critical mass necessary for independent reclamation. To be mechanically recycled, biopolymers must be either completely fungible with existing recycled resins or be available in sufficient quantity to achieve the needed critical mass. So far, biopolymer volume projections are not encouraging. Biopolymers, like all minor bottle resins, must pay their own way in sorting and processing without subsidy from PET and HDPE recycling. Based on limited data, some biopolymers may have little effect on recycled HDPE performance, but will represent a yields loss and added economic burden at some level of occurrence. Biopolymers have not been shown to be compatible with PET and likely will represent performance problems and economic burdens at even low levels of occurrence. Applications for biopolymers should be carefully selected so as to not interfere with currently recycled materials unless critical mass can be achieved quickly.

稠环芳烃在Pluronic嵌段共聚物胶束水溶液中的增溶

三种Pluronic嵌段共聚物（F108,P94和L64）胶束水溶液对萘、蒽、芘的增溶研究表明,它们在胶束和水相间的分配系数Kv值大小的顺序为：P94＞F108＞L64,这是由于具有较长PPO嵌段的Pluronic共聚物分子形成了较大内核的胶束,这种胶束有利于稠环芳烃的增溶。当指定Pluronic胶束体系时,Kv值随着稠环芳烃分子憎水性的增强（即分子苯环数目增加）而增大。这些规律同样反映在吸附等温线中。     

甘氨酸-β-环糊精对菲的增溶、解吸行为研究

为改善β-环糊精的水溶性,将β-环糊精和甘氨酸在碱性条件下用环氧氯丙烷连接起来,得到水溶性极好的甘氨酸-β-环糊精,研究了甘氨酸-β-环糊精对菲的增溶、解吸行为,考察了pH、甘氨酸-β-环糊精初始浓度、温度、不同环糊精类型对菲解吸的影响。结果表明,甘氨酸-β-环糊精对菲的增溶效果显著,其初始质量浓度为30 g/L时,对菲的增溶倍数可以达到近30倍;甘氨酸-β-环糊精对菲的解吸随pH的升高而降低;升高甘氨酸-β-环糊精初始浓度和温度有利于菲的解吸;甘氨酸-β-环糊精对菲的解吸好于α-环糊精和β-环糊精,甘氨酸-β-环糊精对菲污染土壤的解吸符合准二级动力学方程。该静态解吸研究可以为菲污染土壤的修复提供基础信息。     

Renewable Cellulose Derived Carbon Nanospheres as Nucleating Agents for Polylactide and Polypropylene

Nucleation of polylactide and polypropylene using novel renewable resource biobased carbon nanospheres (CNS) is investigated using differential scanning calorimetry and polarized optical microscopy. Isothermal studies near the optimal crystallization temperature demonstrate at least a five-fold increase in crystallization rate in PP but only a 1.4 times faster crystallization in PLA. Non-isothermal studies reveal an asymptotic relationship of the maximum crystallization temperature with increasing CNS weight loading in PP and no relationship in PLA. Microscopy indicates some aggregation in the solution blended samples and that average spherulite size is reduced 10-fold due to faster nucleation in the composites as compared to the neat polymer. The fractional crystallinity achieved during non-isothermal crystallization increases by about 7% with addition of a small amount of CNS and decreases with weight loading higher than 1%. The crystallization rates obtained in polypropylene are competitive with widely used mineral talc nucleating agents.     

Use of dimethyl sulfoxide as solubilization agent in the detection of 2,3,7,8-TCDD by radioimmunoassay

Immunoassays are potentially valuable tools for use in screening environmental samples for a broad range of contaminants, such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs). The performance of the radioimmunoassay (RIA) for PCDDs was characterized using 4 solubilization systems: Cutscum, Triton, horse serum, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The DMSO based assay appeared to perform best at low 2,3,7,8-TCDD levels. The effects of assay incubation time and hapten storage conditions on the DMSO based assay were assessed. The separation of bound from unbound radioactivity was accelerated without adversely affecting assay performance. Further assay development through the use of an alternative labelled hapten is considered.     

S-TE污泥溶解过程中主要固形物质的变化及动力学分析

筛选出一株能分泌胞外酶、促进污泥溶解的嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌Bacillus stearothermophilus sp.AT06-2,将AT06-2培养液接种入不同浓度(TSS约为7、14和21 g·L-1)的剩余污泥,于60℃进行嗜热菌溶解试验,并与未接种试验进行对比.结果表明,接种后TSS和VSS溶解率都得到提高60h后接种试验VSS溶解率分别达到58.76%、50.17%和39.38%,而未接种试验VSS溶解率仅为34.00%、28.63%和25.22%.在固形物质溶解机理方面,VSS的溶解主要受酶催化效应和热水解效应的影响,TSS的溶解减量取决于VSS和FSS的组成比例.VSS溶解在初始阶段(t=3d)符合准一级反应动力学模型,接种后溶解速率常数Kd显著提高,分别从未接种的0.14 d-1,0.10 d-1、0.10 d-1相应提高到接种条件下的0.30 d-1、0.23 d-1和0.16 d-1.     

表面活性剂对苊的增溶作用及应用初探

比较研究了阴、阳、非离子表面活性剂及阴 非、阳 非离子混合表面活性剂对苊的增溶作用 .SDS ,CTMAB ,TritonX 1 0 0都能显著地增加苊在水中的溶解度 ,苊在SDS ,CTMAB ,TritonX 1 0 0单体上的分配系数Kmn分别为 1 3 0× 1 0 3,0 92× 1 0 3,1 3 0× 1 0 3,在胶束相的分配系数Kmc分别为 5 6 4× 1 0 3,1 5 0× 1 0 4 ,5 5 7× 1 0 3.阴 非离子混合表面活性剂和一定条件下的阳 非离子混合表面活性剂对苊具有协同增溶作用 ,这是由于混合表面活性剂对苊的胶束分配系数Kmc增大所致 .比较了CTMA 单体态、胶束态、膨润土吸附态对苊分配作用的大小 ,以及苊在表面活性剂单体、胶束和土壤上有机质标化的分配系数Kom的大小 ,为表面活性剂在有机污染环境修复中的应用提供参考     

SEAR技术修复土壤和地下水中NAPL污染的研究进展

就SEAR技术修复土壤及地下水中NAPL污染的原理及发展现状进行了综述.SEAR技术可以快速有效地去除土壤和地下水中的NAPL污染源,适于多种污染物.该技术通过增溶和增流2种途径提高NAPL污染物的去除率.表面活性剂的选择和微乳液体系的调配是SEAR技术实施的关键环节.将SEAR技术用于高浓度NAPL污染源的治理,并与生物修复和自然降解相结合,是经济高效的治理方案.     

表面活性剂增效修复土壤有机污染研究进展

系统评述了表面活性剂增效修复土壤有机污染的原理、研究现状及存在的问题。     

表面活性剂去除土壤和地下水中LNAPLs作用机制研究

去除多孔介质中滞留的LNAPLs,表面活性剂对LNAPLs的增溶和降低界面张力是关键.在实验测得不同浓度Triton X-100溶液对正十六烷的增溶以及它们之间界面张力的基础上,通过平衡清洗实验和砂柱冲洗实验分析了不同形态正十六烷的产生规律和机制.结果表明,正十六烷溶解能力与Triton X-100浓度成正比,当Triton X-100浓度大于临界胶束浓度CMC时,计算得摩尔增溶比MSR=1.680 4,胶束相/水相分配系数对数值lgK_mc=1.715 8;正十六烷-Triton X-100溶液之间界面张力与Triton X-100浓度成反比,其变化规律符合高斯模型（R₂=0.996 4）;溶解态正十六烷和自由态正十六烷与增溶和降低界面张力分别有较好的对应关系,表明增溶和降低界面张力都对多孔介质中正十六烷去除有影响,其中降低界面张力可以有效增加多孔介质中正十六烷的流动性,在正十六烷去除过程中起主要作用.