解磷菌的研究现状与展望

磷素是植物生长的大量必需营养元素之一，在土壤中极易被固定而使其有效性降低，因此对解磷菌的研究一直受到科学家的重视。文章对解磷菌的种类、在土壤中的存在数量和生态分布、解磷作用机理、解磷菌剂的应用效果等方面的研究现状作了综述，并论述了对解磷菌的研究意义及今后应加强的研究方向。     

鼠李糖脂对多环芳烃的增溶作用及影响因素研究

生物表面活性剂因其环境友好的特点(可生物降解、低毒和有效增强生物降解)而有利于有机污染土壤的修复.在提高疏水性有机物在水相中的溶解度方面,生物表面活性剂的增溶效果尤为重要.通过试验研究了鼠李糖脂(RL)对多环芳烃(PAHs)菲和芘的增溶作用及溶液pH值、温度和无机盐离子浓度对增溶的影响.根据增溶倍数(Sw*/Sw)、摩尔增溶比(MSR)和胶束-水分配系数(Km)定量描述了RL对PAHs的增溶能力.结果表明,在鼠李糖脂临界胶束浓度(CMC)上下,RL对菲和芘均有增溶能力,尤其是在RL质量浓度超过其CMC时,增溶作用更加明显.Sw*/Sw显著增加,MSR随被增溶物相对分子质量增加而减小.Km随被增溶物疏水性增强而增大.pH值、温度、无机盐离子浓度对RL增溶PAHs的作用具有一定的影响.RL对菲和芘的增溶作用随pH值升高而降低;升高温度使RL对PAHs的增溶作用有所增加;无机盐离子对RL增溶PAHs的影响根据所添加的阳离子种类而异,K+促进RL对多环芳烃的增溶作用,而Ca2+的作用与此相反.     

双子表面活性剂CG_(12-3-12)、鼠李糖脂与TX-100对多环芳烃增溶作用的比较研究

对新季铵盐型Gemini阳离子表面活性剂CG12-3-12、生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂Rhamnolipid、普通非离子表面活性剂TX-100以及它们的混合体系对多环芳烃菲和芘的增溶效果进行了比较研究.通过计算与比较临界胶束浓度(CMC)、摩尔增溶率(MSR)和增溶的标准自由能ΔG0s,评价了3种不同类型表面活性剂及它们的混合体系对菲和芘的增溶能力.3种表面活性剂对菲和芘的增溶性大小顺序为:CG12-3-12RhamnolipidTX-100.TX-100/CG12-3-12与TX-100/Rhamnolipid混合表面活性剂都较相对应的单一表面活性剂有更好的增溶能力,在降低表面张力效率方面都能够产生协同效应.但是两种混合溶液都不符合理想溶液的性质.TX-100/CG12-3-12系统的CMCexp相对于CMCmi有更大的负偏差.由两混合体系的吉布斯自由能ΔG0m可以看出,TX-100与鼠李糖脂比与CG12-3-12更容易形成混合胶束.TX-100/CG12-3-12与TX-100/Rhamnolipid表现出协同作用.TX-100/Rhamnolipid混合体系对菲和芘的增溶能力的提高大于TX-100/CG12-3-12混合体系.本实验研究结果可为疏水性有机物污染环境修复效果的强化提供科学依据.     

Effect of fungicides on plant growth promoting activities of phosphate solubilizing Pseudomonasputida isolated from mustard (Brassica compestris) rhizosphere

This study was navigated to examine the effects of fungicide-stress on the activities of plant-growth-promoting rhizobacterium Pseudomonasputida with inherent phosphate solubilizing activity. The fungicide-tolerant and phosphate solubilizing P.putida strain PS9 was isolated from the mustard rhizosphere and tentatively identified following standard morphological, physiological and biochemical tests. To further consolidate the identity of the strain PS9, the 16S rDNA sequence analysis was performed. Following the BLAST program, the strain PS9 was identified as P.putida. In the presence of the varying concentrations (0-3200 μg mL⁻¹; at a two fold dilution interval) of four fungicides of different chemical families (tebuconazole, hexaconazole, metalaxyl and kitazin) amended in minimal salt agar medium, the P.putida strain PS9 showed a variable tolerance levels (1400-3200 μg mL⁻¹) against the tested fungicides. The strain PS9 produced plant-growth-promoting (PGP) substances in significant amount in the absence of fungicides. In general, fungicides applied at the recommended, two and three times of the recommended rates, decreased the PGP attributes of P.putida the strain PS9 and affected the PGP activities in concentration-dependent manner. Fungicides at the recommended dose had minor reducing effect while the doses higher than the recommended dose significantly reduced the PGP activities (phosphate solubilization, salicylic acid, 2,3-dihydroxy benzoic acid, and indole-3-acetic acid production except exo-polysaccharides, hydrogen cyanate and ammonia production). Of the four fungicides, tebuconazole generally, showed maximum toxicity to the PGP activities of the strain PS9. This study inferred that fungicides must be examined in vitro for their possible adverse effects on soil micro flora before their application in agricultural fields. Moreover, the results also suggested the prerequisite of application of fungicide-tolerant PGPR strains as bioinoculants so that their PGP activities may not be suppressed under fungicide stress.     

重非水相液体性质对非离子表面活性剂增溶作用的影响

在油水比1:40的条件下,浓度为200-10000 mg·l-1的非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100(TX100)对三氯乙烯(TCE)、氯苯(CB)、1, 2-二氯苯(1, 2-DCB)、1, 3-二氯苯(1, 3-DCB)、四氯乙烯(PCE)和三氯乙烯-四氯乙烯混合物(TCE-PCE, 1:1,V:V)的增溶作用表明,TX100在试验浓度范围内,对TCE,CB和1, 2-DCB均无明显增溶作用,当TX100浓度分别大于6000,4000和800 mg·l-1时,对1, 3-DCB,TCE-PCE和PCE具有显著的增溶作用.TX100在TCE,CB,1, 2-DCB,1, 3-DCB,TCE-PCE及PCE有机相/水相间的分配系数(lgKd)分别为3.60,3.36,3.38,3.26,3.17和2.07,分配系数和分配损失的大小与油-水界面张力呈负相关.     

几种表面活性剂对柴油及多环芳烃的增溶作用

研究表面活性剂在多种柴油HOCs(疏水性有机物)组分共存条件下对PAHs(多环芳烃)的增溶作用.选用阴离子表面活性剂LAS(十二烷基苯磺酸钠)和SDS(十二烷基硫酸钠),非离子表面活性剂TX 100(曲拉通X-100)和TW 80(吐温80)及生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂和烷基糖苷,评价表面活性剂对柴油的增溶效果,并筛选出LAS,TX 100和鼠李糖脂,进行柴油中PAHs的增溶试验.结果表明,表面活性剂对柴油增溶作用顺序为鼠李糖脂> TX 100 >烷基糖苷> TW 80> LAS>SDS.在多种柴油组分共存条件下,PAHs的表观溶解度与表面活性剂浓度具有良好的线性关系.表面活性剂对柴油中PAHs的增溶作用顺序为鼠李糖脂> TX 100 > LAS.鼠李糖脂具有较低的临界胶束浓度和较复杂的分子结构,能够形成更多、更大的胶束,有利于柴油及PAHs的增溶.      

人工湿地填料有机堵塞问题的化学溶脱法室内模拟

用化学溶脱法解决人工湿地填料的有机堵塞,结果表明:用碱类、酸类、强氧化剂和洗涤剂可以使有效孔隙率和渗透系数均有不同程度的增加,以强氧化剂类(次氯酸钠)最为明显,可以使渗透系数恢复到原来的69%;三种溶液都对基质中的微生物类群和基质酶产生了伤害,但是经过7d可以基本恢复,说明解决人工湿地有机堵塞的问题可以借鉴和尝试"溶脱法".     

鼠李糖脂对土壤中原油降解的促进

从辽河油田石油污染的土壤中筛选、驯化得到三株对辽河原油具有较高降解效果的菌种(H1,H2,H3),选取对原油降解率最高的菌株H1为供试菌种,以受原油污染的天津滨海地区典型土壤(淤泥质粉质粘土夹粉砂)为供试土样,考察了不同浓度下鼠李糖脂对菌种H1生长、原油增溶和降解效果的影响.结果表明,鼠李糖脂对菌种H1无毒性,其对原油增溶效果明显,原油溶解度随着鼠李糖脂浓度的增加而增加.降解动力学实验结果表明,原油的降解符合指数常数模型.鼠李糖脂能明显促进土壤中原油的降解,缩短降解周期,大大提高修复效率.     

Mechanical Property and Biodegradability of Cast Films Prepared from Blends of Oppositely Charged Biopolymers

Biodegradable cast films of about 50 m thickness were fabricated by blending oppositely charged biopolymers such as anionic starch–chitosan, and cationic starch–pectin. The tensile strength and elongation at break (%) of films were evaluated as well as their capacity to degrade in compost. Films recovered from soil every 48 h showed consistent degradation (weight loss), diminution of the polymers characteristic peak absorbance in the carbohydrate fingerprint region of the FTIR, and changes in the surface morphology via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Anionic starch–chitosan films had much superior tensile strength and elongation compared to cationic starch–pectin, suggesting that the ionic bonds formed between anionic-starch and positively charged groups in chitosan polymer were much more stable and stronger. Initially, both films lost about 36% weight within 96 h, which also correlated well with the loss in the characteristic absorption peaks in the region of the infrared spectrum typical of biopolymers. The total mineralization of films by microorganisms in compost soil was also measured using respirometric techniques. Though the rate of mineralization differed for two formulations, total mineralization (extent) for both films were achieved within 45 days.     

液固比对土壤洗涤去除多环芳烃效果的影响

液固比是影响土壤洗涤污染物去除率的重要因素.以Triton X-100和Tween-80为洗涤剂,采用洗涤去除率(R)、吸附损失率(Vs)和新定义的指标增溶百分比(SP)分析液固比对土壤洗涤去除目标多环芳烃效果的影响.结果表明,液固比对土壤洗涤去除多环芳烃效果影响显著.R随液固比增加呈非线性形式增大,液固比10∶1后R增长变缓.同一液固比时,洗涤去除率Triton X-100>Tween-80.Vs随液固比增加显著减少,液固比10∶1后逐渐变缓.同一液固比时,吸附损失率Triton X-100相似文献