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101.
Sawdust, one of the materials used as sorbent for removing spilled oil from polluted environments was naturally colonized by hydrocarbon-utilizing fungi, 1 × 105-2 × 105 colony forming units (CFU) g−1, depending on the hydrocarbon substrate. This sorbent was initially free of hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria. Incubating wet sawdust at 30 °C resulted in gradually increasing the fungal counts to reach after 6 months between 5 × 106 and 7 × 106 CFU g−1, and the appearance of hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria in numbers between 8 × 104 and 3 × 105 cells g−1. The fungi belonged to the genera Candida (32% of the total), Penicillium (21%), Aspergillus (15%), Rhizopus (12%), Cladosporium (9%), Mucor (7%) and Fusarium (4%). Based on their 16S rRNA gene sequences the bacteria were affiliated to Actinobacterium sp. (38%), Micrococcus luteus (30%), Rhodococcus erythropolis, (19%) and Rhodococcus opacus (13%). Individual pure fungal and bacterial isolates grew on a wide range of individual pure aliphatic (n-alkanes with chain lengths between C9 and C40) and aromatic (benzene, biphenyl, anthracene, naphthalene and phenanthrene) hydrocarbons as sole sources of carbon and energy. Quantitative determinations revealed that all fungal and bacterial isolates could consume considerable proportions of crude oil, phenanthrene (an aromatic hydrocarbon) and n-hexadecane (an aliphatic hydrocarbon) in batch cultures. It was concluded that when sawdust is used as a sorbent, the associated microorganisms probably contribute to the bioremediation of oil and hydrocarbon pollutants in the environment. 相似文献
102.
103.
William E. Motzer 《Environmental Forensics》2013,14(4):301-311
The perchlorate anion (ClO 4 m ) is produced when the solid salts of ammonium, potassium, and sodium perchlorate, and perchloric acid dissolve in water. Ammonium perchlorate, used in solid rocket engine fuels, has a limited shelf life and must periodically be replaced. Before 1997, perchlorate could not be readily detected in groundwater at concentrations below 100 µg/L, until the California Department of Health Services developed an acceptable analytical method that lowered the detection limit to 4 µg/L. Subsequently, groundwater containing perchlorate were soon encountered in several western states, and contamination became apparent in Colorado River water. Most perchlorate salts have high water solubilities; concentrated solutions have densities greater than water. Once dissolved, perchlorate is extremely mobile, requiring decades to degrade. Health effects from ingesting low dosage perchlorate-contaminated water are not well known: it interferes with the body's iodine intake, causing an inhibition of human thyroid production. Contaminated surface and groundwater treatment may require bio- and/or phytoremediation technologies. Perchlorate in groundwater is relatively unretarded; it probably travels by advection. Therefore, it may be used as a tracer for hydrocarbon and metal contaminants that are significantly more retarded. Possible forensic techniques include chlorine isotopes for defining multiple or commingled perchlorate plumes. 相似文献
104.
近年来在城市水体环境治理的过程中,已经开始采用物理类型、化学类型与生物类型的修复技术,相比之下,生物类型修复技术的应用工程量较少、成本较低并且具有环境友好性的特点,具有较高的应用优势。因此,在城市水体环境治理的工作中,应该科学采用先进的生物修复技术,将其在城市水体环境治理中的积极作用充分发挥出来,为城市的后续发展夯实基础。 相似文献
105.
Ling Huang Syed Bilal Shah Haiyang Hu Ping Xu Hongzhi Tang 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2020,14(1):11
106.
Performance of bioaugmentation-assisted phytoextraction applied to metal contaminated soils: a review 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Bioaugmentation-assisted phytoextraction is a promising method for the cleaning-up of soils contaminated by metals. Bacteria mainly Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) and fungi mainly Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) associated with hyperaccumulating or non-hyperaccumulating plants were analyzed on the basis of a bioprocess engineering approach (concentration and amount of metals extracted by plants, translocation and bioconcentration factor, and plant biomass). In average bioaugmentation increased metals accumulated by shoots by a factor of about 2 (metal concentration) and 5 (amount) without any obvious differences between bacteria and fungi. To optimize this process, new relevant microorganism-plant associations and field scale experiments are needed along with a common methodology for the comparison of all experiments on the same basis. Recommendations were suggested concerning both the microbial-plant selection and the implementation of bioaugmentation to enhance the microbial survival. The use of microbial consortia associated with plant was discussed notably for multi-contaminated soils. 相似文献
107.
底泥修复中温度对微生物活性和污染物释放的影响 总被引:10,自引:1,他引:9
通过分析底泥中微生物的酶活性以及污染物的释放规律,探讨了温度对河道底泥生物修复的影响.结果表明,底泥中微生物的脱氢酶、脲酶和磷酸酶的活性随着温度的升高而显著增大,但温度对纤维素酶的活性影响较小.4 ℃和10 ℃时底泥中污染物的释放量和微生物的酶活性均较低,水质较稳定;20~37 ℃时底泥中污染物的释放量明显增加,微生物的新陈代谢能力有较大提高,水体的自净能力较强.在各种因素的综合作用下,20~30 ℃是进行底泥生物修复的适宜环境温度.此外,当pH为9.0以及添加葡萄糖时,底泥中微生物均表现出较高的脱氢酶活性. 相似文献
108.
Natural attenuation of chlorinated ethene compounds: model development and field-scale application at the Dover site 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
T. Prabhakar Clement Christian D. Johnson Yunwei Sun Gary M. Klecka Craig Bartlett 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》2000,42(2-4)
A multi-dimensional and multi-species reactive transport model was developed to aid in the analysis of natural attenuation design at chlorinated solvent sites. The model can simulate several simultaneously occurring attenuation processes including aerobic and anaerobic biological degradation processes. The developed model was applied to analyze field-scale transport and biodegradation processes occurring at the Area-6 site in Dover Air Force Base, Delaware. The model was calibrated to field data collected at this site. The calibrated model reproduced the general groundwater flow patterns, and also, it successfully recreated the observed distribution of tetrachloroethene (PCE), trichloroethene (TCE), dichloroethylene (DCE), vinyl chloride (VC) and chloride plumes. Field-scale decay rates of these contaminant plumes were also estimated. The decay rates are within the range of values that were previously estimated based on lab-scale microcosm and field-scale transect analyses. Model simulation results indicated that the anaerobic degradation rate of TCE, source loading rate, and groundwater transport rate are the important model parameters. Sensitivity analysis of the model indicated that the shape and extent of the predicted TCE plume is most sensitive to transmissivity values. The total mass of the predicted TCE plume is most sensitive to TCE anaerobic degradation rates. The numerical model developed in this study is a useful engineering tool for integrating field-scale natural attenuation data within a rational modeling framework. The model results can be used for quantifying the relative importance of various simultaneously occurring natural attenuation processes. 相似文献
109.
This paper communicates the effect of bioremediation on the performance of Okro plant (Abelmoshus esculentus) in a typical Niger Delta soil that has received 5% crude oil pollution level. Biodegrading bacteria such as Pseudomonas
fluorescen, Acinetobacteria iwofii, Bacillus
subtilus, Arthrobacter
globiformis that was isolated from previously polluted soils was introduced into the samples. The treatment combinations are as follows
(A) = control without crude oil; B = soil + crude oil, (C) = soil + crude oil + microbes, (D) = soil + crude oil + microbes,
(E) = soil + crude oil + microbes + fertilizer (F) soil + microbes and (G) = soil + fertilizer. The treatment (E) gave the
highest number of leaves, % crop emergence, plant biomass, microbial population and degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon compared
to any of the treatments that had received crude oil. This suggested that fertilizer application does not only stimulate microbial
growth but it provides the plant with more available nutrients required for plant growth. 相似文献
110.
环糊精可通过形成可溶性包合物的形式,使有机污染物生物利用度得到显著提高,从而使有机污染土壤生物修复过程能够顺利进行。生物利用度是影响有机污染土壤生物修复效率的主要因素之一。由于多数有机污染物水溶性差,并且具有较强的毒性,因此常集中于水相的微生物对其降解作用十分缓慢。 相似文献