长江口围填海土壤中PBDEs的浓度、组成及来源解析

选取上海市崇明岛为采样区域,研究1974—2010年5个年代的由长江泥沙冲刷淤积而成的长江口围填海土壤中PBDEs的质量比分布、组成特征,并对其进行来源解析。于2012年10月在选取的5个年代区域分别采用五点梅花网格布点法采集表层(0~15 cm)和深层(100 cm)土壤,样品经索氏提取和层析净化处理后,采用GC-MS定量定性方法检测。结果表明,12种PBDEs目标化合物全部被检出,表层和深层土壤中∑12PBDEs质量比范围分别为8.008~27.783 ng/g、7.032~12.506 ng/g,主要是低溴代PBDEs。此外,其污染水平随年代呈现不断上升的趋势。最后基于因子分析法解析其来源,围填海土壤样品中最主要的污染源是PBDE-17、47、66和28;而且结合土壤污染质量比及组分特征分析得到,表层土壤与下一年代的围填海深层土壤的污染水平和来源基本一致。     

温度对凤眼莲浮岛净化效果影响的研究

以凤眼莲浮床为研究对象,研究不同温度下浮床的净化效率、水生植物生长情况和植物体中氮磷的累积量。研究结果表明,凤眼莲浮岛对TN、TP的去除率与温度并不成正相关。浮岛的处理效果主要与浮岛植物的生物量有关,其处理效率随着生物量的增加而增加。凤眼莲浮岛25℃时处理效率明显高于35℃和15℃。在北方地区浮岛技术的生态学价值要显著于环境工程价值。     

永兴岛大气CH4浓度变化特征及影响因子研究

依托国家海洋局三沙海洋环境监测中心站,基于激光大气温室气体分析仪（GLA331-GGA）,搭建了一套全自动、连续、高精度观测大气CH₄的观测系统.通过气团后向轨迹输送特征,结合数值统计方法（局部近似回归法）,对西沙永兴岛区域2013年12月~2017年11月期间的观测数据进行了数据筛分和分析.结果显示：西沙海域大气CH₄季节变化与北半球大气本底变化状况类似,冬季高、夏季低,年平均增长率约为11.9×10^-9,年平均季节振幅为81.1×10^-9;其日变化呈现中午低、凌晨高的单周期正弦变化特征;该区域风场数据和气团后向轨迹分析表明：季风是影响该区域CH₄浓度变化的最主要因素.     

Size-based predation by kookaburras (Dacelo novaeguineae) on lizards (Eulamprus tympanum: Scincidae): what determines prey vulnerability?

Lizards and birds are both popular ”model organisms” in behavioural ecology, but the interactions between them have attracted little study. Given the putative importance of birds as predators of diurnal lizards, it is of considerable interest to know which traits (of lizards as well as birds) influence the outcome of a predatory attempt. We studied predation by giant terrestrial kingfishers (kookaburras, Dacelo novaeguineae: Alcedinidae) on heliothermic diurnal lizards (highland water skinks, Eulamprus tympanum: Scincidae), with particular reference to the role of prey (lizard) size. Our approach was twofold: to gather direct evidence (sizes of lizards consumed in the field, compared to those available) and indirect evidence (size-related shifts in lizard behaviour). We quantified the size structure of a natural population of skinks (determined by an extensive mark-recapture program), and compared it to the sizes of wild lizards taken by kookaburras (determined by analysis of prey remains left at the birds’ nests). Kookaburras showed size-based predation: they preyed mainly on small and medium-sized rather than large lizards in the field. However, the mechanism producing this bias remains elusive. It is not due to any distinctive behavioural attributes (locomotor ability, activity level, habitat usage) of the lizards of the size class disproportionately taken by the kookaburras. The greater vulnerability of subadult lizards may reflect subtle ontogenetic shifts in ecological and behavioural traits, but our data suggest that great caution is needed in inferring patterns of vulnerability to predation from indirect measures based on either the prey or the predator alone. Instead, we need direct observations on the interaction between the two. Received: 30 May 2000 / Revised: 29 July 2000 / Accepted: 26 August 2000     

生态旅游资源管理中社区参与激励机制探讨--以厦门岛东海岸区生态旅游开发为例

以厦门岛东海岸区 (黄厝 )生态旅游开发为例 ,提出在生态资源开发、管理过程中 ,实现社区公众有效参与、社区居民的生活水平得到提高的同时 ,达到生态保护目的的保障机制———生态旅游股份合作制。进而就厦门岛东海岸区生态旅游股份合作制运行框架进行了探讨。     

上海市崇明岛公路两侧土壤重金属污染研究

采集了上海市崇明岛陈海、北沿公路两侧土壤和灰尘样品270余个,测定了样品的Pb、Cd、Cu、 Zn和Cr重金属含量。结果表明,陈海和北沿公路两侧土壤重金属Pb、Cd、Cu、 Zn和Cr的平均含量达到277、0279、258、918和776 mg/kg,土壤Cd污染较严重。采集的路面灰尘样品Pb、Cd、Cu、 Zn和Cr的平均含量达到512、049、489、209和970 mg/kg,超过土壤背景值2~4倍,是土壤重金属的主要二次污染源。公路防护林体系较差的北沿公路路侧土壤纵向剖面（垂直于公路走向）重金属含量随距路肩距离增加呈指数下降,土壤重金属重污染区在距路肩15 m范围内。防护林体系较完善的陈海公路距路肩15 m范围内土壤重金属污染较小,土壤重金属重污染区出现在距路肩20~50 m范围内。     

崇明岛风景旅游区空气负离子监测评价方案研究

崇明岛作为上海市的未来生态岛屿,至今尚未开展过系统的空气负离子研究。依据该县相关规划,结合区域植被、地貌、人为影响等因素,在东滩国家级自然保护区、东平国家森林公园、前卫村、明珠湖和西沙湿地5个监测区域共选定了18个空气质量监测点进行研究。按崇明风景旅游区的具体情况,对国内外7种空气负离子监测评价方法进行了比较,最终确定选用安培空气质量评价系数、森林空气离子评价系数、空气负离子系数评价法、轻重离子比评价法来对该岛的空气质量进行评价。最后还对相关负离子监测仪器进行了分析及建议。     

强烈风化条件下玄武岩发育土壤的元素地球化学特征

海南岛地处热带,晚第三纪以来喷发的玄武岩上广泛发育铁铝土。土壤剖面的常量元素、微量元素、化学风化指标及元素迁移率的研究表明:(1)土壤Al2O3、Fe2O3、SiO2和TiO2元素富集,水溶型元素强烈淋失,高CIA值和低ba值均显示其经历强烈的化学风化作用;(2)元素含量和元素迁移率的计算结果显示,温带难迁移的Ti、Zr、Hf和Nb等元素在高温多雨的热带环境下也会发生强烈的淋失,究其原因主要受湿热环境下高有机质含量和强酸性条件影响;(3)Fe、Al、Cu和Ni等元素的迁移则反映了基岩发育土壤自下而上的风化渐进特征;(4)表层土壤K、Na和Sr元素的强烈富集则与大气沉降有关。     

Land‐Cover Change and Avian Diversity in the Conterminous United States

Abstract: Changes in land use and land cover have affected and will continue to affect biological diversity worldwide. Yet, understanding the spatially extensive effects of land‐cover change has been challenging because data that are consistent over space and time are lacking. We used the U.S. National Land Cover Dataset Land Cover Change Retrofit Product and North American Breeding Bird Survey data to examine land‐cover change and its associations with diversity of birds with principally terrestrial life cycles (landbirds) in the conterminous United States. We used mixed‐effects models and model selection to rank associations by ecoregion. Land cover in 3.22% of the area considered in our analyses changed from 1992 to 2001, and changes in species richness and abundance of birds were strongly associated with land‐cover changes. Changes in species richness and abundance were primarily associated with changes in nondominant types of land cover, yet in many ecoregions different types of land cover were associated with species richness than were associated with abundance. Conversion of natural land cover to anthropogenic land cover was more strongly associated with changes in bird species richness and abundance than persistence of natural land cover in nearly all ecoregions and different covariates were most strongly associated with species richness than with abundance in 11 of 17 ecoregions. Loss of grassland and shrubland affected bird species richness and abundance in forested ecoregions. Loss of wetland was associated with bird abundance in forested ecoregions. Our findings highlight the value of understanding changes in nondominant land cover types and their association with bird diversity in the United States.     

Biotic processes in a coastal dunefield: An assessment of seed removal, with non-native seed removal experiments

The impact of granivores on coastal dune seed reserves may be high, increasing along a landward gradient from the littoral zone as the structural complexity of the habitat increases. Seasonal removal rates of non-native seeds by nocturnal and diurnal vertebrates and ants from experimental seed trays in two habitats within the Alexandria Coastal Dunefield, South Africa, were determined. Overall, seed removal was higher in the dune-field bush-pocket habitat than the landward thicket habitat. Nocturnal vertebrates were the most important seed removers within bush-pockets. The importance of nocturnal vertebrates decreased in the thicket and there was a shift in the dominant seed removers to diurnal vertebrates. Seed removal by ants and diurnal vertebrates did not differ significantly between the bush-pockets and thicket while that of nocturnal vertebrates showed a significant change. This can be ascribed to the abundance of the omnivorous murid rodentGerbillurus paeba exilis in the bush-pockets which is absent from thicket vegetation.